Medicinal Plant Research 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 32-39 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 37 6.3 Potential expansion in multifunctional agricultural fields The multifunctional benefit of Sapindus fruit components extends beyond pest control, with them also offering opportunities for broader agricultural applications. In addition to being insecticidal, the bioactive components, such as the trypsin inhibitor, possess antibacterial action that can be used in the management of plant diseases (Ajuna et al., 2023). Converting Sapindus-derived products into broader multifunctional applications can potentially drive crop protection and sustainability. Subsequent research must elucidate the entire biological activity of the compounds and their potential applications within integrated disease and pest control systems (Huang and Hong, 2024). 7 Concluding Remarks This work thoroughly explored extraction, purification, and application of Sapindus fruit active compounds for biopesticide formulation. The emphasis was on optimizing eco-friendly extraction methods to achieve maximum yield and purity of the most important active ingredient with high pesticidal efficacy. Efficient formulation techniques were developed for stabilizing these active materials, rendering them effective in the long term and farm-compatible. Field trials demonstrated the efficacy of Sapindus-based biopesticides to manage pests and pathogens successfully, a healthier alternative to synthetic pesticides with low environmental footprint. The study contributes significantly towards biopesticide technology development with an emphasis on the integration of natural resources and sustainable production methods. By utilizing Sapindus fruits, which are readily available and a renewable resource, the study conforms to the global trend of promoting green agriculture and reducing the application of chemical pesticides (Huang, 2024). The low price, harmlessness, and environmental friendliness of Sapindus-based biopesticides have great potential in the development of sustainable pest management. Moreover, the study validates the diversification of crop protection tools, developing resilience in agro-ecosystems, and advancing the goals of sustainable agriculture. Further studies should attempt to widen the scope of pests and pathogens controlled using Sapindus-based biopesticides to meet wider applicability across various crops and agro-climatic zones. Further research on the synergistic activity of blending Sapindus active ingredients with other natural or synthetic compounds could improve the efficacy of the products and lower the rates of application. Observation of the long-term environmental impact and safety profiles of these biopesticides will further enhance their credibility and acceptability across global markets. On the applied side, scale production through green manufacturing technologies and the implementation of precision application equipment, such as drones and IoT-enabled sprayers, can drive the adoption rates as well as efficiency in real farm conditions. Acknowledgments The authors thank researcher Ms. Wang for her support and assistance in data acquisition and information collection. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Ajuna H., Lim H., Moon J., Won S., Choub V., Choi S., Yun J., and Ahn Y., 2023, The prospect of hydrolytic enzymes from bacillus species in the biological control of pests and diseases in forest and fruit tree production, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(23): 16889. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242316889 Cahyana A., Maida M., and Ardiansah B., 2020, Aqueous fraction of Sapindus rarak D.C. fruit extract mediated one-pot three component construction of 9,9-dimethyl-12-phenyl-9,10-dihydro-8H-benzo[a]xanthen-11(12H)-one, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 763(1): 012003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/763/1/012003 Chen C., Li R., Li D., Shen F., Xiao G., and Zhou J., 2021, Extraction and purification of saponins fromSapindus mukorossi, New Journal of Chemistry, 45(2): 952-960. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0nj04047a Dinda G., Halder D., Mitra A., Pal N., Vázquez-Vázquez C., and López-Quintela M., 2017, Study of the antibacterial and catalytic activity of silver colloids synthesized using the fruit of Sapindus mukorossi, New Journal of Chemistry, 41(20): 10703-10711. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7NJ00704C
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