Medicinal Plant Research 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 32-39 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 36 trials on rice, vegetables, and fruits showed considerable yield gains and less pest damage. Ease of use, compatibility with existing agriculture practices, and no adverse effects on non-target species were mentioned by farmers, further justifying the product's worth for commercial agricultural application (Tiwari et al., 2008). 5.4 Challenges and solutions in technology promotion Despite its potential, Sapindus-based biopesticide promotion is beset by problems of low farmer awareness, high up-front production costs, and regulatory hurdles. To counter these, education initiatives and training sessions can facilitate the way to farmer trust and acceptance by demonstrating the effectiveness and worth of the product. Subsidies and low-interest financing can defray the cost of production and induce investments in green technologies. Collaboration with government agencies and adherence to global standards of certification can ease regulatory clearance and facilitate market entry. Alliance formation with agricultural cooperatives and utilization of electronic marketing platforms can also boost product coverage and consumption for the sustainable promotion of Sapindus-based biopesticides (Selvaraj et al., 2020). 6 Research Prospects of Sapindus Fruit Active Components in Biopesticides 6.1 Optimization directions for extraction and application technologies Extraction and use technology optimization of active compounds from Sapindus fruits will be central to their enhanced effectiveness as biopesticides. Future research suggests the possibility of Sapindus mukorossi seed trypsin inhibitors, previously shown to suppress pests like Bactrocera cucurbitae (Fenibo et al., 2022). Optimization of extraction methods for high purity and yield of these bioactive molecules will be a focus for future research. In addition, development of application processes with greater efficiency, such as encapsulation or formulation using other natural carriers, can increase the stability and delivery of these biopesticides in agricultural settings (Pratiwi et al., 2024). 6.2 Comparison and integration with other biopesticides Comparison of the efficacy of Sapindus-based biopesticides with other natural control agents is essential to compare their relative advantages and suitability for integration (Kowalska et al., 2020). The trypsin inhibitor fromSapindus mukorossi has exhibited excellent pest-controlling activity and hence could be a good selection for addition to existing formulations of biopesticides (Gupta et al., 2023). Mixing Sapindus compounds with other biopesticides could increase their spectrum of activity and restrict pest resistance development. Compatibility with other biopesticidal active ingredients and synergistic actions need to be examined through studies to develop integrated pest management programs (Fenibo et al., 2022; Hernandez-Tenorio et al., 2022) (Figure 3). Figure 3 The Coverage of Biopesticides Against Plant Pests (Adopted from Fenibo et al., 2022)
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