Medicinal Plant Research 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 32-39 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 35 the digestive functions of the pest by repressing the trypsin and chymotrypsin gene expression, but stimulating the stress-related gene expression such as Catalase and Superoxide Dismutase. This interference by biochemical means leads to inhibited larval growth and development, demonstrating the effectiveness of Sapindus components as active biopesticides. 4.2 Study on the inhibitory effects of Sapindus active components on pathogens Sapindus mukorossi extracts exhibited strong antifungal activity. Saponins isolated from the pericarp of the fruit suppressed the growth of fungal pathogens like Venturia inaequalis and Botrytis cinerea. Greenhouse tests revealed that treatment with a chloroform-methanol extract resulted in 99% symptom and sporulation reduction of V. inaequalis on apple seedlings. Field applications of an aqueous extract resulted in a 63% reduction in B. cinerea severity in grapes. These results indicate the potential of Sapindus saponins in fungal crop disease management (Li et al., 2019). 4.3 Synergistic effects of active components in biopesticide formulations The combination of different active components fromSapindus fruits can enhance the biopesticide formulation activity. The presence of more than a single bioactive compound, such as trypsin inhibitors and saponins, can be effective against different pests and pathogens simultaneously, which can lead to a synergistic effect (Taufik et al., 2022). For instance, while trypsin inhibitors target insect pests by inhibiting their digestive enzymes, saponins simultaneously have the ability to inhibit fungal growth, tackling pest control from a comprehensive perspective. Such synergy may increase overall efficacy and sustainability of biopesticide application (Minping et al., 2021). 4.4 Field trials and efficacy evaluation of biopesticides Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Sapindus-based biopesticides. The application of Sapindus extracts in practical agricultural practice was determined to be hopeful. For example, the application of Sapindus saponins in field experiments significantly reduced the severity of fungal disease in grape and apple. These kinds of experiments are needed to ascertain the practical viability and effectiveness of Sapindus-based biopesticides in different environmental conditions. The efficacy outcomes of these trials validate the promise for the use of Sapindus components in commercial biopesticide products (Samiksha et al., 2019). 5 Development and Promotion of Sapindus Fruit Biopesticides 5.1 Process design for the production of Sapindus-based biopesticides The Sapindus-derived biopesticide production process entails optimized extraction of active compounds, including saponins, through eco-friendly methods like water or ethanol extraction. Purified active compounds are later generated through methods like membrane filtration and column chromatography to concentrate active compounds. Formulation involves mixing these active compounds with stabilizers, emulsifiers, and carriers to ensure product stability and performance. Scalable manufacture entails regulated precision during blending, packaging, and storage to maintain quality (Wei et al., 2021). The design also involves low-waste and energy-efficient production to answer green manufacturing standards. 5.2 Cost-benefit analysis and economic feasibility study The economic feasibility of biopesticides derived fromSapindus lies in their dual benefits of cost savings and environmental friendliness. Sapindus fruits are readily available in most geographical regions at minimal harvesting and cultivation costs that equate to a competitive raw material. Economic analysis of production shows that utilizing the best extraction and formulation practices reduces the consumption of resources and operating expenses. Market analysis indicates high demand for biopesticides with growing customer preference for environmentally friendly products. Being a high-margin business with an estimated margin of over 25% on large-scale production, the biopesticides venture is a lucrative opportunity for organic agriculture (Jeong et al., 2023). 5.3 Demonstration applications of the product in agricultural production Sapindus-based biopesticides were tested in field trials and proved effective against various agricultural pests and pathogens. For instance, the product is highly effective in controlling aphids, whiteflies, and fungal diseases like powdery mildew with efficacy level similar to that of chemical pesticides (Upadhyay and Singh, 2011). Field
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