Medicinal Plant Research 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 32-39 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 33 theoretical foundation for the efficient use of Sapindus fruit. In addition, it presents fresh approaches to green farming, with significant scientific value and practical significance for research and development and utilization of biopesticides. Figure 1 Morphological characteristics of Sapindus fruits (Adopted from Pratiwi et al., 2024) 2 Analysis of Active Components inSapindus Fruit 2.1 Structure and biological activity of saponins inSapindus fruit Saponins are a prevalent group of bioactive compounds found in Sapindus fruit pericarp, particularly Sapindus mukorossi. Saponins are widely known to exhibit surface activity and remarkable biological activity (Figure 2). The structure of saponins usually includes a triterpenoid aglycone substituted with one or more sugar residues. In Sapindus mukorossi, specific saponins such as Sapindoside B, Sapindoside A, and Mukurozi-saponin E1 have been described (Ling et al., 2019; Sochacki and Vogt, 2022). They have various biological activities, including antifungal activity against fungi like Venturia inaequalis and Botrytis cinerea. Sapindus rarak saponins have also been reported to exhibit molluscicidal activity, which could suggest their use in the management of pests (Filho et al., 2023). Figure 2 Commercially available dried Sapindus pericarp (Adopted from Sochacki and Vogt, 2022)
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