Medicinal Plant Research 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 32-39 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 32 Research Insight Open Access Study on the Extraction of Active Components from Sapindus Fruits and Their Application in Biopesticides Jie Huang, Haomin Chen Tropical Medicinal Plant Research Center, Hainan Institute of Tropical Agricultural Resources, Sanya, 572025, Hainan, China Corresponding author: haomin.chen@hitar.org Medicinal Plant Research, 2025, Vol.15, No.1 doi: 10.5376/mpr.2025.15.0004 Received: 26 Dec., 2024 Accepted: 30 Jan., 2025 Published: 21 Feb., 2025 Copyright © 2025 Huang and Chen, This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Huang J., and Chen H.M., 2025, Study on the extraction of active components from sapindus fruits and their application in biopesticides, Medicinal Plant Research, 15(1): 32-39 (doi: 10.5376/mpr.2025.15.0004) Abstract The fruits of Sapindus spp. have active components such as saponins and other secondary metabolites, which present an enormous potential for their use in biopesticides. In the current study, there was a complete analysis of the botanical characteristics of Sapindus fruits and of the composition and biological activities of their active components, in quest of their mechanisms of pest and disease inhibition. By optimizing the extraction and purification process, purity and activity of active component extraction were improved, and cost-benefit analysis was realized to facilitate industrialization. The synergistic activities of Sapindus fruit active components in biopesticide and toxic effects on target pests and pathogens were also studied, along with field trials to confirm practical application outcomes. Coordinated with production process design and economic feasibility analysis, this study introduced Sapindus-based biopesticide promotion strategies, bottleneck problems, and countermeasures for technology dissemination. The results offer theoretical foundation and practical guidance for the efficient application of Sapindus fruit active ingredients and their utilization in green agriculture, making significant contributions to sustainable agricultural development. Keywords Sapindus fruit; Active components; Biopesticides; Extraction process; Green agriculture 1 Introduction Sapindus is a member of the Sapindaceae family and consists of evergreen or deciduous trees with extensive distribution in tropical and subtropical regions, including South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of the Americas. Fruits are oval-shaped or round with an abundance of natural saponins, and they have been used traditionally for a long time in cleaning agents (Figure 1). Sapindus plants are of significant importance as high-quality raw materials for industrial application with good adaptability, low environmental requirements, and minimal cultivation costs (Chen et al., 2021; Pratiwi et al., 2024). Sapindus fruits are saponin-rich with potent insecticidal, antibacterial, and antifungal activities. They also contain secondary metabolites like flavonoids, phenolic acids, and tannins that interact synergistically to amplify their bioactivity (Garcia et al., 2020). Though the existing research primarily addresses extraction and initial mechanisms of action of active components, research on optimizing extraction procedures, stability of the component, and commercialization on large industrial levels is still lacking (Sochacki and Vogt, 2022). With the rapid expansion of green agriculture, biopesticides have emerged as a key replacement for conventional chemical pesticides in terms of safety, environment friendliness, and efficacy (Singh et al., 2015). Biopesticides play significant roles in preventing pesticide residues and promoting ecological sustainability, with market demand growing swiftly. The potent insecticidal and antimicrobial action of active compounds present in Sapindus fruits makes them ideal candidates for natural biopesticides to support sustainable agricultural development (Porsche et al., 2017). This study systematically surveys extraction and separation techniques for the active constituents of Sapindus fruit, investigates their mechanisms of antibacterial and insecticidal action, and develops efficient biopesticide products from these compounds. By optimized extraction techniques, improved efficiency and purity of the active constituents, and evaluation of their field application efficiency and economic acceptability, this study provides a
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