Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 320-333 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 325 G. lucidumyield. Additionally, the mutant strain exhibited stronger resistance to microbial invasion, which could help mitigate the negative effects of soil microorganisms on yield (Tang et al., 2023). Additionally, sanitation methods such as waterlogging have been found to significantly reduce the number of contaminant colonies, thereby improving the yield and quality of G. lucidum(Tong et al., 2020). 4.2 Yield variability and consistency Yield variability in G. lucidum cultivation can be attributed to several factors, including genetic differences among strains, environmental conditions, and soil properties. Significant changes in the microbial community structure of the soil, logs, and tree roots were observed before and after G. lucidumcultivation, particularly in the composition of fungal phyla (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) and bacterial phyla (Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria). The study also revealed that soil properties, such as organic matter content, pH, nitrogen, and carbon levels, underwent changes after cultivation, and these changes were closely related to alterations in the microbial community structure (Ren et al., 2020). Moreover, the scarcity of natural resources and the strict growth conditions required for G. lucidumfurther contribute to yield inconsistencies (Tang et al., 2023). To improve yield consistency of G. lucidum, it is essential to adopt advanced strain breeding techniques and optimize cultivation conditions. Optimizing soil properties and microbial community structure through controlled fermentation and the use of agro-industrial by-products as feed can promote yield stability (Kachrimanidou et al., 2023). In a large-scale liquid fermentation experiment, optimizing air supply strategies significantly increased the production of triterpenes and sterols in G. lucidumstrain G0017, reaching 3.34 and 3.46 g/L, respectively. This optimization process holds potential for application in industrial-scale production (Feng et al., 2021). Hu et al. (2018) explored the effects of different nitrogen sources, carbon sources, and air supply on ganoderic acid accumulation and designed a bioreactor suitable for liquid static fermentation. The total yield of the top five ganoderic acids reached 963 mg/L, demonstrating the potential of optimized cultivation conditions for the production of G. lucidumtriterpenoids. 4.3 Economic and logistical barriers The industrial-scale production of G. lucidumrequires substantial initial investment and ongoing operating costs. These costs are associated with the need for specialized cultivation facilities, advanced pest management systems, and high-quality substrates. The economic viability of G. lucidumcultivation is further challenged by the need for continuous monitoring and optimization of growth conditions to ensure high yields and quality (Tang et al., 2023). Supply chain and distribution challenges also pose significant barriers to the large-scale production of G. lucidum. The perishable nature of the mushroom and its products necessitates efficient logistics and storage solutions to maintain quality from farm to market. Additionally, the variability in yield and quality can complicate supply chain management, making it difficult to meet market demands consistently (Kachrimanidou et al., 2023; Tang et al., 2023). Effective strategies to address these challenges include the development of robust supply chain networks and the use of bioprocessing techniques to extend the shelf life of G. lucidumproducts (Kachrimanidou et al., 2023). 5 Technological Innovations 5.1 Genetic improvements and strain selection Recent advancements in the genetic improvement of G. lucidumhave focused on cultivating strains with higher yields of bioactive compounds. Whole-genome sequencing and transcriptomic analysis have revealed that Tween80 enhances the production of extracellular polysaccharides in G. lucidum. Differential gene expression analysis identified multiple metabolic pathways involved in polysaccharide synthesis, providing a theoretical basis for breeding G. lucidum strains with higher polysaccharide content (Wu et al., 2022). One study used UV irradiation-induced mutagenesis to develop the G. lucidum mutant strain UV119, which showed an 8.67% increase in spore powder yield compared to its parent strain, along with enhanced resistance to microbial invasion.
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