Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 320-333 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 324 include autoclaving, pasteurization, and chemical sterilization, which help eliminate harmful microorganisms from the substrate. These methods contribute to creating an optimal environment for G. lucidum, resulting in better yields and higher quality mushrooms (Adongbede and Atoyebi, 2021). Figure 1Ganoderma lucidumfruit bodies grown on substrates tested in the study (Adopted from Atila, 2020) Image caption: The figure clearly shows that G. lucidumfruit bodies grown on substrates of oak sawdust (OS) and poplar sawdust (PS) exhibit superior diameter, thickness, and morphology compared to other substrates, with larger pileus diameters and thicker stipes. In contrast, the fruit bodies grown on wheat straw (WS), sunflower meal (SFM), cottonseed meal (CSM), soybean straw (SBS), and bean straw (BS) substrates are smaller and thinner. The results indicate that substrates with high cellulose and lignin content can effectively promote the growth and yield of G. lucidum(Adapted from Atila, 2020) 4 Challenges in Industrial-Scale Production 4.1 Contamination and pest management One of the primary challenges in the industrial-scale cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum is the management of contamination by other fungi and bacteria. Studies have shown that non-Ganoderma fungi such as Trichoderma and Mucor can significantly hinder the growth and fruiting body development of G. lucidum. These antagonistic fungi proliferate in nutrient-rich soils, leading to substantial cultivation problems (Tong et al., 2020). Additionally, the microbial community structure of the soil, wood segments, and tree roots can be significantly altered by continuous cultivation of G. lucidum, which may further complicate contamination control (Ren et al., 2020). Effective pest management strategies are crucial for maintaining the health and productivity of G. lucidum cultures. One promising approach involves the use of ultraviolet ray irradiation to develop strains with enhanced resistance to microbial invasions. For instance,Through ultraviolet (UV) radiation, mutant strains of G. lucidum were generated, and it was found that the mutant strain UV119 had significantly higher yields compared to the control strain. This indicates that genetic variation among strains plays a crucial role in stabilizing and improving
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