Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 320-333 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 323 Sawdust cultivation is another traditional method that is popular due to its high efficiency and shorter cultivation cycle. In this system, sawdust is mixed with other organic materials, packed into plastic bags or bottles, and then inoculated with G. lucidum spores. Thiribhuvanamala and Krishnamoorthy (2021) found that using rubber tree sawdust as a substrate resulted in a biological efficiency of 44.3%, with earlier fruiting body formation and harvest periods demonstrating clear advantages of this method. Additionally, the addition of nitrogen salts and sodium phosphate to the sawdust substrate significantly enhanced the growth rate of G. lucidum mycelium, greatly reducing the time required to fully colonize the substrate. Notably, in substrates supplemented with nitrogen salts, the growth rate of G. lucidumreached up to 3.22 mm per day (Fedorov et al., 2022). This method has been successfully used with various types of sawdust, including those from pine and other hardwoods (Adongbede and Atoyebi, 2021; Fedorov et al., 2022; Oke et al., 2022). 3.2 Controlled environment systems Greenhouse cultivation offers a controlled environment that can optimize the growth conditions for G. lucidum. By regulating temperature, humidity, and light, greenhouses can create an ideal setting for the fungus to thrive. In the continuous cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum, it was found that antagonistic fungi in the soil can affect its growth. The study showed that by applying a water immersion treatment, the number of antagonistic fungi was significantly reduced, thereby increasing the yield and spore production of Ganoderma lucidum (Tong et al., 2020). This method allows for year-round cultivation and can significantly increase yield and quality. Greenhouses also provide protection from environmental contaminants and pests, which can be a major issue in traditional outdoor cultivation methods (Bijalwan et al., 2021). Technological advancements have driven the development of automated environmental control systems, which can precisely manage the conditions within G. lucidum cultivation facilities. For instance, parameters such as temperature, humidity, CO2 concentration, and light intensity can be adjusted through sensors and computer algorithms. These systems have shown significant effectiveness in both fully and partially automated modes, substantially improving crop quality and yield in greenhouses (Pryahin et al., 2022). Juleang and Mitath (2021) found that using wireless sensor systems to collect real-time data, combined with predictive algorithms for environmental control, greatly enhances the precision of crop environment management. For example, the use of such systems can significantly improve the accuracy of controlling soil moisture and air humidity, which is particularly important for fungi like G. lucidumthat rely on stable humidity conditions. 3.3 Advances in substrate preparation Recent innovations in substrate preparation have focused on the use of both organic and synthetic materials to improve the growth and yield of G. lucidum. Research has shown that G. lucidum can grow on various lignocellulosic substrates, and its productivity can be enhanced by adding supplements such as olive oil or copper. These substrates influence the active chemical components of G. lucidum, such as total triterpenes, ganoderic acids, and phenolic compounds, thus altering the composition of its bioactive substances (Bidegain et al., 2019). Pine sawdust, after pretreatment with a water jet disperser, can be used as a substrate for G. lucidumcultivation. The addition of nitrogen salts such as ammonium nitrate and monoammonium phosphate significantly accelerates the growth of G. lucidum, reducing the time needed to fully colonize the substrate and increasing the content of bioactive substances (Fedorov et al., 2022). Another study compared the effects of different lignocellulosic wastes as substrates for G. lucidum cultivation. The results showed that traditional substrates, oak (OS) and poplar (PS) sawdust, performed best in terms of G. lucidumyield and biological efficiency. Oak substrate produced a yield of 86.1 g/kg with a biological efficiency of 24.7%. In contrast, cottonseed meal (CSM) performed the worst as a substrate, with a yield of only 28.6 g/kg and a biological efficiency of 8.9% (Figure 1). The experiment also found that the growth rate of mycelium was negatively correlated with the cellulose and hemicellulose content of the substrate, while G. lucidum yield was positively correlated with the cellulose and lignin content of the substrate. This indicates that G. lucidumprefers substrates rich in cellulose and lignin (Atila, 2020). Additionally, effective substrate sterilization is crucial for preventing contamination and ensuring successful G. lucidum cultivation. Common sterilization techniques
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