Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 320-333 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 322 and humidity levels of 60% to 70%, under which the highest polysaccharide content is produced. This indicates that temperature and humidity have a direct impact on the production of active compounds in G. lucidum. Nguyen et al. (2019) explored the cultivation conditions of the G. lucidumGA3 strain, and their results also showed that at temperatures between 25 °C and 30 °C, combined with an appropriate substrate, optimal fruiting body development and biomass yield could be achieved. Light and ventilation are essential for the quality of G. lucidum. While G. lucidum can grow in low-light conditions, exposure to light is necessary for the development of its characteristic color and bioactive compounds. Proper ventilation is equally important as it helps in regulating the levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen, which are crucial for respiration and metabolic activities. A study has shown that by adjusting lighting and ventilation conditions, the content of bioactive compounds (such as phenolics, flavonoids, water-soluble polysaccharides, and ganoderic acids) in antler-shaped G. lucidumfruiting bodies can be significantly increased. This morphology of G. lucidum develops under limited ventilation, leading to an increase in carbon dioxide concentration, which promotes the synthesis of its bioactive compounds (Sudheer et al., 2018). Poor ventilation may cause carbon dioxide accumulation, negatively impacting the growth and quality of G. lucidum(Swallah et al., 2023). Another study explored the effects of different wavelengths of LED light (red, blue, green) on G. lucidummycelial growth and antioxidant activity. The results indicated that mycelial growth was fastest under red light, while antioxidant activity was highest under blue light, and total phenolic content significantly increased under red light. This suggests that lighting not only affects the growth rate of G. lucidum but also has a significant impact on its antioxidant capacity (Alcazar et al., 2021). 2.3 Comparison of wild versus cultivatedGanoderma lucidum Wild Ganoderma lucidumtypically grows on decaying hardwood trees in forested areas. The natural environment provides a diverse range of nutrients and ecological interactions that contribute to its growth. Wild G. lucidumis often considered to have a richer profile of bioactive compounds due to the varied and complex interactions with other organisms and environmental factors. However, the yield and consistency of wild G. lucidum can be unpredictable due to the variability in natural conditions (Ren et al., 2020). Cultivating Ganoderma lucidum offers several advantages, including controlled growth conditions, consistent yield, and the ability to optimize the production of specific bioactive compounds. Cultivation allows for the manipulation of nutrient availability, environmental conditions, and other factors to maximize growth and quality. However, challenges remain, such as the need for precise control of environmental parameters and the potential impact on soil and microbial communities. Continuous cultivation can alter soil properties and microbial diversity, which may affect long-term sustainability and soil health (Ren et al., 2020). 3 Industrial Cultivation Techniques of Ganoderma lucidum 3.1 Traditional cultivation methods Log-based cultivation is one of the oldest and most traditional methods for cultivating Ganoderma lucidum. This technique involves inoculating wood logs with G. lucidumspawn and allowing the fungus to colonize the wood over several months. The logs are typically made from hardwood species such as poplar, oak, or other suitable trees. For example, the study by Bijalwan et al. (2021) examined the growth performance of G. lucidumcultivated in the Garhwal Himalayas of India. The research revealed that the growth cycle of G. lucidum on poplar logs varied depending on temperature differences, with higher temperatures shortening the growth cycle. The study indicated that warmer climates facilitate the early development of G. lucidum, but yield gradually decreased during the subsequent fruiting period. Qiu et al. (2023), using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, studied the impact of different tree species on the cultivation of G. lucidumand found that broadleaf species such as Qv and Ps influenced the quality of G. lucidumfruiting bodies, especially the differences in protein content. This study provides a scientific basis for selecting the optimal tree species for G. lucidumcultivation. This method is widely used due to its simplicity and the natural environment it provides for the G. lucidum. However, it requires a longer cultivation period and is susceptible to contamination by other fungi (Tong et al., 2020; Bijalwan et al., 2021).
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