MPR_2024v14n6

Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 320-333 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 321 The growing interest in the health-promoting properties of Ganoderma lucidumhas led to a surge in demand for its products, necessitating the transition from small-scale to industrial-scale production. Industrial cultivation offers several significant benefits, including the ability to ensure a consistent supply of high-quality raw materials, reduce production costs, and implement standardization of cultivation protocols (Wagner et al., 2003; Sudheer et al., 2018). Moreover, industrial-scale production enables the exploration of new applications in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and functional foods, expanding the market potential of Ganoderma lucidum(Ahmad et al., 2021). By leveraging large-scale production techniques, it becomes feasible to optimize the extraction of bioactive compounds, ensuring that Ganoderma lucidum-based products retain their efficacy and meet regulatory standards. The transition to industrial production is also crucial for achieving sustainable practices, minimizing resource usage, and ensuring economic viability for growers and manufacturers alike. This study explores the challenges and technological innovations involved in the industrial cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum, identifying key obstacles that hinder efficient large-scale production, such as environmental control, contamination risks, and resource management. The study focuses on analyzing the technological innovations that address these challenges, including substrate optimization, advancements in automated cultivation systems, and bioreactor technologies. It proposes strategies to enhance production efficiency, product quality, and sustainability of Ganoderma lucidum. This study aims to promote the widespread adoption of best practices for large-scale industrial cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum and to improve the global availability of Ganoderma-based health products. 2 Biological and Ecological Requirements of Ganoderma lucidum 2.1 Growth conditions and nutrient requirements Ganoderma lucidumrequires a variety of nutrients to thrive. The primary nutrients include carbon, nitrogen, and essential minerals. The carbon source is typically derived from lignocellulosic materials such as wood, which provides the necessary energy for growth and development. The study found that Ganoderma lucidum can effectively utilize various lignocellulosic waste materials as substrates to produce cellulase and xylanase through solid-state fermentation. In particular, lignocellulosic waste from the Amazon region, such as marupa wood chips and açaí seeds, significantly enhances the enzyme activity of Ganoderma lucidum under appropriate supplementation conditions, demonstrating high application potential (de Oliveira Júnior et al., 2022). Nitrogen is another critical nutrient, often supplied through organic or inorganic means, which supports protein synthesis and other metabolic processes. Additionally, essential minerals such as potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium play vital roles in enzymatic functions and structural integrity of the fungal cells (Swallah et al., 2023). Trace elements, including iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu), significantly influence the growth and development of Ganoderma lucidum. These elements are involved in various biochemical pathways and enzymatic reactions. For example, Mn2+ significantly impact the growth and metabolism of G. lucidum by promoting the synthesis of manganese peroxidase. Studies have shown that an increase in manganese significantly enhances the production of polysaccharides, triterpenoids, and the total manganese content in G. lucidum. Experimental results also indicate that manganese ions can regulate metabolite levels in G. lucidum, particularly by significantly upregulating certain metabolites, such as aromatic alcohols and palmitoylethanolamide (Zhang et al., 2019). Additionally, copper ions influence the growth of G. lucidum mycelium and the biosynthesis of ganoderic acid by increasing intracellular ROS levels. Furthermore, research has shown that the elevation of intracellular calcium ion levels can reduce ROS by activating antioxidant enzymes, thereby providing feedback regulation of mycelial growth. This indicates that copper ions affect the developmental process of G. lucidum through the interaction between ROS and calcium ions (Gao et al., 2018). Studies have shown that the presence and concentration of these trace elements can alter the microbial community structure in the soil, which in turn affects the growth conditions for G. lucidum(Ren et al., 2020). 2.2 Environmental factors influencing yield and quality Temperature and humidity are critical environmental factors that directly impact the yield of Ganoderma lucidum. The study by Huynh and To (2023) demonstrated that G. lucidumgrows best at temperatures of 25 °C to 30 °C

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