Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 245-258 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 248 Figure 3 Anti-hypertensive effect of EU. Blood pressure (A) in the EU + HSD, HSD, and ND groups in week 13 and (B) in the EU + HSD and HSD groups from weeks 7 to 13. (C) HE staining of kidney tissues in the EU + HSD, HSD, and ND groups (Adopted from Yan et al., 2022) The study of Yan et al. (2022) illustrates the anti-hypertensive effects of EU supplementation on systolic blood pressure over time in different groups. The EU + HSD group exhibits a significant reduction in blood pressure compared to the HSD-only group, especially by week 13. Histological analysis of kidney tissues (C) shows that the EU + HSD group has healthier kidney structures compared to the damage seen in the HSD group. These findings suggest that EU may have protective effects against hypertension and kidney damage, particularly in the context of a high-salt diet. 3.4 Anti-osteoporosis E. ulmoides inhibits osteoclast differentiation, promotes osteoblast differentiation, reduces calcium loss, and causes estrogenic-like effects (Figure 4) (Yang et al., 2022). “Compendium of Materia Medica (Bencao Gangmu in Chinese)” recorded that the EB benefited qi and strengthened muscles and bones (Xie et al., 2022). The crude extract of EB increases the secretion of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), upregulates type I collagen (Col1) α mRNA and protein expression, and thereby promotes the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts (Guan et al., 2014). Flavonoids extracted from EB, including astragaloside, scutellarin and total lignans, promote the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 subclone 14 osteoblasts, downregulate the protein expression of RANKL, upregulate the protein expression of OPG and Osx, and restore the OPG/RANKL ratio, thereby exerting an anti-osteoporotic effect (Zhang et al., 2014). Salted EB granules can reduce the loss of calcium and phosphorus in the urine of rats with ovariectomy (OVX)-induced OP; increase the mRNA and protein expression of OPG, RANKL, and RANK; promote bone formation; and increase bone mineral density (BMD) (Yang et al., 2023).
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