Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 297-307 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 302 Moreover, introducing nitrogen salts into the substrate increased the growth rate and colonization efficiency of the fungal body, producing more robust G. lucidumfruiting bodies (Fedorov et al., 2022). Different forms of organic nitrogen, such as β-adenosine, have a pronounced effect on fungal growth. For white-rot fungi like G. lucidum, additional organic nitrogen sources promote mycelial biomass accumulation, further enhancing the growth and reproductive efficiency of the mycelium (Hennicke et al., 2022). 5.3 Quality standards and evaluation methods Quality standards and evaluation methods for G. luciduminvolve both conventional and advanced techniques to assess the content of bioactive compounds and physical properties. Traditional colorimetric methods combined with FT-MIR spectroscopy and chemometric approaches for evaluating total triterpenoids, ganoderic acids, high-molecular-weight carbohydrates, and phenolic compounds in G. lucidu fruiting bodies can reveal the impact of substrate composition and harvest time on these component levels. FT-MIR spectroscopy can effectively differentiate G. lucidu samples from various substrates (Bidegain et al., 2019). Characterization techniques, such as FT-IR and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), have been used to investigate the structural features of G. lucidu polysaccharides—such as carbohydrate composition, molecular weight, and higher-order conformations—and their relationship with immunomodulatory activity (Li et al., 2019). Another study utilized hydrophilic interaction chromatography combined with multivariate analysis to assess polysaccharide quality in G. lucidu samples from different regions. This method distinguished samples from Zhejiang and other regions, identifying components like arabinose and mannose as potential chemical markers through further principal component analysis (PCA) (Zhao et al., 2020). FTIR spectroscopy also enables rapid fingerprinting of bioactive compounds in G. lucidu extracts, showing potential for quality control by distinguishing samples based on origin or storage conditions (Popa et al., 2021). These methods offer a comprehensive quality assessment approach that can standardize the medicinal quality of G. luciduproducts. 6 Case Studies 6.1 Efficient cultivation of G. lucidumusing coconut sawdust substrate Traditional log-based cultivation methods for G. lucidum are time-consuming and yield low output, making it challenging to meet market demand. Researchers have focused on developing alternative cultivation substrates to increase the yield and efficiency of G. lucidumcultivation (Bidegain et al., 2019; Atila, 2020; Thiribhuvanamala and Krishnamoorthy, 2021). One notable case involves the use of coconut sawdust as a substrate to evaluate the effects of different lignocellulosic substrates on the artificial cultivation of G. lucidum (Thiribhuvanamala and Krishnamoorthy, 2021). The experiment utilized coconut sawdust, coconut petioles, coconut fiber waste, areca palm sawdust, and mixed sawdust substrates, with wheat bran added to enhance nutrient content. Results indicated that the coconut sawdust substrate had the highest yield and biological efficiency (44.3%), with a shorter growth cycle for fruiting bodies and a high yield per unit substrate, reaching 77.5 grams (Figure 2). In contrast, coconut fiber waste had a lower yield, with a biological efficiency of only 25.6%, highlighting the significant impact of substrate type onG. lucidumgrowth. The findings suggest that coconut sawdust is an ideal substrate for G. lucidumcultivation. Its unique nutrient and lignin content facilitate rapid colonization and growth of the fungus, making it highly effective for commercial cultivation. This research provides practical insights for cost-effective, large-scale cultivation of G. lucidum, while also promoting efficient recycling of agricultural waste. 6.2 Study on the effect of substrate formulation on the active components of Ganoderma lucidum The active components of G. lucidum mainly include high-molecular-weight carbohydrates (such as polysaccharides), triterpenoids (particularly ganoderic acids), and phenolic compounds, all of which are crucial for its medicinal efficacy. Research indicates that the chemical composition of G. lucidumis influenced by the cultivation substrate and added supplements. To optimize the medicinal value of G. lucidum, studies have assessed the impact of various substrate formulations and additive combinations on the active components in the fruiting bodies.
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