Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 297-307 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 300 4 Effects of Different Substrate Composition on Yield 4.1 The impact of substrate types on yield Woody substrates such as sawdust and wood chips have been extensively studied for their impact on the yield of G. lucidum. For instance, sawdust fromBetula spp. and Populus tremula has been shown to support high yields, particularly when combined with specific strains like MUS192 (Cortina-Escribano et al., 2020). Similarly, sawdust from Pinus sylvestris, when activated hydrodynamically, has demonstrated efficient colonization and increased extractive substance content, which can enhance yield (Fedorov et al., 2022). Additionally, substrates like poplar sawdust have been found to produce significant yields, with the highest recorded at 63 g dry weight per kilogram of dry substrate (Kuhar et al., 2018). Agricultural waste substrates such as wheat straw, cotton stalks, and rice straw have also been evaluated for their effectiveness in cultivating G. lucidum. Among these, cotton stalks supplemented with wheat bran have shown superior performance in terms of yield and biological efficiency (Rashad et al., 2019). Wheat straw and bean straw have been identified as viable alternatives to traditional sawdust substrates, with yields ranging from 28.6 g/kg to 86.1 g/kg (Atila, 2020). Additionally, combinations of empty fruit bunch fiber and sawdust have achieved high biological efficiency and yield (Sudheer et al., 2018). Industrial by-products like hazelnut shells and olive by-products have been explored as substrates for G. lucidum cultivation. Hazelnut shells, due to their high lignin content, have been found to support good mycelial growth and fruiting body production (Puliga et al., 2022). Olive pruning residues, when mixed with wheat straw, have also shown promise, enhancing the glucan content and prebiotic properties of the mushrooms (Koutrotsios et al., 2019). 4.2 The impact of substrate formulation and nutrition on yield The carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio of the substrate is a critical factor influencing the yield of G. lucidum. Studies have shown that substrates with a high C:N ratio, such as those containing high cellulose and lignin content, tend to produce higher yields. For example, substrates with a low nitrogen content and high cellulose:lignin ratio have been positively correlated with increased mushroom yield (Atila, 2020). The addition of trace elements and vitamins can significantly impact the yield of G. lucidum. For instance, the introduction of nitrogen salts like (NH4)2SO4 and Na2HPO4 into sawdust substrates has been shown to enhance the growth rate and yield of the G. lucidum(Fedorov et al., 2022). The study found that the sawdust medium enriched with ammonium sulfate and disodium phosphate significantly increased the growth rate of the strain, reaching 3.22±0.48 mm/day, allowing the substrate to be fully covered by mycelium by day 13 (Figure 1). Compared to the medium without added nitrogen salts, the mycelium proliferated faster under nitrogen-enriched conditions, and the content of water-soluble extracts in the substrate increased from 4.37% to 6.32%. Figure 1 Growth dynamics of the Gl4-16A strain of Ganoderma lucidumon hydrodynamically activated sawdust of common pine (Pinus sylvestris L.): A - non-enriched sawdust; B - sawdust enriched with (NH4)2SO4 andNa2HPO4 (Adopted from Fedorov et al., 2022)
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