Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 297-307 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 299 agro-industrial by-products as substrates presents an opportunity to reduce waste and lower production costs, thereby promoting sustainable practices in the industry. The development of innovative cultivation methods and substrate formulations can further enhance the economic viability and medicinal value of G. lucidum, providing reference for industry growth and expansion. 3 Types and Characteristics of G. lucidumCultivation Substrates 3.1 Woody substrates Woody substrates are commonly used for the cultivation of G. lucidumdue to their high lignocellulosic content, which supports robust mycelial growth and fruiting body development. Various types of wood residues, such as sawdust and wood chips from different tree species, have been evaluated for their suitability. For instance, sawdust and wood chips fromBetula spp., Populus tremula, Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, and Larix sp. have been tested, with Betula spp. and P. tremula showing the highest yields and β-glucan content when combined with specific strains like MUS192(Cortina-Escribano et al., 2020). Additionally, substrates like poplar sawdust and wood chips have been found to produce high yields and desirable G. lucidummorphology under solid-state fermentation conditions. According to the study by Kuhar et al. (2018), sawdust and wood chips fromPopulus nigra and Pinus radiata can serve as solid-state fermentation substrates, enhancing the yield of G. lucidumfruiting bodies (63 grams per kilogram of dry substrate). And growth can be promoted through simple moisture management techniques.The use of sawdust from coconut wood logs has also been highlighted for its efficiency, supporting early spawn run and high bioefficiency (Thiribhuvanamala and Krishnamoorthy, 2021). 3.2 Agricultural waste substrates Agricultural waste substrates offer a sustainable and cost-effective alternative for G. lucidumcultivation. These substrates include materials such as wheat straw, cottonseed hulls, corn cobs, and other agro-wastes. Studies have shown that wheat straw, soybean straw, and bean straw can serve as effective basal substrates, with wheat straw and soybean straw providing high yields and biological efficiency (Atila, 2020). Under submerged fermentation conditions, corncobs and straw have been found to be suitable for producing laccase fromG. lucidum, an enzyme capable of breaking down lignin. Among the treatments, those with added corncobs demonstrated the highest enzyme activity, indicating their potential as a medium for cultivating G. lucidum(Yuliana et al., 2020). Additionally, combinations of agro-wastes like broad bean stalks, cotton stalks, maize straw, and sugarcane bagasse, supplemented with wheat bran or corn gluten, have been evaluated, with cotton stalks and sugarcane bagasse showing promising results for mycelial growth and yield (Rashad et al., 2019). In Malaysia, combinations of rubber wood sawdust with empty fruit bunch fiber from oil palm have demonstrated high biological efficiency and antioxidant potential (Sudheer et al., 2018). 3.3 Synthetic and modified substrates Synthetic and modified substrates are designed to enhance the growth conditions for G. lucidumby incorporating various supplements and treatments. For example, the use of sawdust from common pine (Pinus sylvestris) activated through hydrodynamic cavitation and supplemented with nitrogen salts has been shown to significantly improve colonization and growth rates (Fedorov et al., 2022). Studies have shown that adding supplements such as olive oil and copper to the medium can significantly alter the bioactive chemical composition of G. lucidum fruiting bodies, increasing the content of triterpenoids, ganoderic acids, high-molecular-weight carbohydrates, and phenolic compounds (Bidegain et al., 2019). Substrates enriched with chemical supplements like ammonium nitrate, manganese sulfate, and nano manganese oxide have been tested, with combinations such as poplar wood chips and soybean meal or wheat bran showing high yields and enhanced ganoderic acid content (Kurd-Anjaraki et al., 2021). The incorporation of biochar into agro-waste-based substrates has also been explored, with findings indicating that biochar levels can influence yield, biological efficiency, and nutrient content of the fruiting bodies (Rashad et al., 2019).
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