Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 285-296 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 288 For instance, an optimal extraction condition was found to be 40 minutes of ultrasonic time, three extraction cycles, and a water-to-raw material ratio of 80:1. Under these conditions, the yield of P. odoratum polysaccharides increased significantly from 11.40% to 15.15% (Lan et al., 2011). Another study focused on the extraction of Polygonatumand honeysuckle, determining that a mass fraction of 4% Polygonatum, 1% honeysuckle, and other ingredients resulted in an optimal formula. The process included extraction, filtration, formulation, hot-filling, and sterilization (Yong, 2011a). These methods ensure that the bioactive components are efficiently extracted and preserved, which is crucial for the subsequent development of functional beverages. 3.2 Formula design and product development of functional beverages The formula design and product development of functional beverages based on Polygonatum extract involve careful consideration of ingredient proportions and processing techniques. For example, a compound beverage of Polygonatum and honeysuckle was developed with a formula consisting of 4%Polygonatum, 1% honeysuckle, 3% sugar, 1.5% honey, 0.05% citric acid, and 90.45% water. This formulation was found to be optimal after processes including extraction, filtration, blending, hot-filling, and sterilization (Yong, 2011a). Similarly, another study developed a compound beverage of Polygonatumand Lonicera japonica with an optimal formula of 100 mL/L extract, 30 g/L sucrose, 15 g/L honey, 0.5 g/L citric acid, and 90.45% water. The production process included extraction, filtration, blending, hot-filling, and sterilization (Yong, 2011b). These formulations are designed to maximize the health benefits and sensory attributes of the beverages, ensuring they are both effective and palatable. In addition to traditional formulations, innovative approaches such as the incorporation of bioactive compounds from other sources have been explored. For instance, a study on the development of a cold dairy-based beverage enriched with Sargassum polycystumextract demonstrated the potential for combining marine algae extracts with traditional ingredients to enhance antioxidant activity and sensory properties (Nurcahyanti et al., 2021). 3.3 Stability and preservation techniques for bioactive components The stability and preservation of bioactive components in functional beverages are paramount to maintaining their health benefits over time. Various techniques have been employed to ensure the stability of these components. For example, the use of supercritical CO2 processing has been shown to preserve the chemical stability of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and other functional compounds in beverages. This method involves non-thermal and thermal treatments, which help maintain the molecular structures of bioactive components, thus preserving their prebiotic functionality (Silva et al., 2020; Huang, 2024). Another approach involves the use of natural antioxidants to enhance the stability of bioactive components. A study on the antioxidant activity of a cold dairy-based beverage enriched with Sargassum polycystum extract found that the combination of the extract with sunflower oil helped maintain antioxidant activity during storage at 4 °C (Nurcahyanti et al., 2021; Zhong, 2024). This indicates that the use of natural antioxidants can be an effective strategy for preserving the bioactive properties of functional beverages. Additionally, the development of intelligent packaging materials, such as biodegradable chitosan-poly (vinyl alcohol) films fortified with anthocyanins, has been explored. These films can monitor the freshness of beverages by indicating pH changes, thus ensuring the stability and quality of the product over time (Singh et al., 2021). 4Role of PolygonatumFunctional Beverages in Hyperglycemia Management 4.1 Overview of hyperglycemia and its complications Hyperglycemia, characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, is a hallmark of diabetes mellitus and a significant risk factor for various complications. Chronic hyperglycemia can lead to severe damage to multiple organ systems, including the cardiovascular system, kidneys, eyes, and nerves. This condition is often associated with increased oxidative stress and inflammation, which further exacerbate the damage to tissues and organs (Korytkowski et al.,
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