Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 259-274 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 263 Due to its antioxidative properties, Sanghuangporus has potential therapeutic implications for diseases associated with oxidative stress, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. By scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative damage, Sanghuangporus may help in mitigating the progression of these conditions. 3.2 Anti-tumor and anti-cancer effects Sanghuangporus exhibits anti-tumor and anti-cancer effects through multiple mechanisms, including the induction of apoptosis, inhibition of cell proliferation, and suppression of metastasis. For instance, Sanghuangporus polysaccharides have been shown to induce mitochondrial apoptosis in hepatic carcinoma cells by enhancing reactive oxygen species-mediated AKT/p53 signaling pathways (Jin et al., 2023). Another study found that the total ethanol extract of Sanghuangporus caused apoptosis in gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells through a mitochondria-dependent pathway, indicating its potential as a natural anti-cancer agent (Wang et al., 2018). Research has demonstrated that Sanghuangporus exhibits cytotoxicity against various cancer cell lines, including hepatic carcinoma, gastric cancer, and colon cancer. A combined phytochemistry and network pharmacology approach revealed that Sanghuangporus possesses potential antitumor effective substances that induce apoptosis in colon cancer cells (Dong et al., 2019). Another study revealed that Sanghuangporus polysaccharides inhibit the growth and development of human SW480 colon cancer cells, leading to increased apoptosis in the sub-G1 and G2/M phases (Figure 4) (Li et al., 2004; Li et al., 2023). Polysaccharides isolated by Mei et al. (2015) (125-1,000 μg/mL) were found to significantly suppress SW480 cell proliferation, reduce the expression of β-catenin and cyclin D1 (downstream regulatory genes of the β-catenin signaling pathway), and inhibit the transcriptional activity of TCF and LEF, thereby suppressing tumor growth. Given its anti-tumor properties and low toxicity, Sanghuangporus may be considered as an adjunct therapy in combination with conventional cancer treatments to enhance efficacy and reduce side effects. Figure 4 Potential Antitumor Mechanisms of Phellinus linteus (Adopted from Li et al., 2023) 3.3 Immunomodulatory effects Sanghuangporus modulates the immune system by enhancing the activity of immune cells, such as macrophages, and regulating cytokine production. Polysaccharides and flavonoids fromSanghuangporus have been shown to stimulate the expression and secretion of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, and interferon (IFN)-γ in immune cells while inhibiting tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression (Zhu et al., 2023).
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