Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 259-274 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 262 effects on human colon cancer cell line HT-29 and human prostate cancer cell line PC3 (Kim et al., 2020). They also possess antioxidant activity (Zhou et al., 2022a), enhancing the overall therapeutic potential of Sanghuangporus in various chronic diseases. 2.3 Other bioactive components Sanghuangporus not only contains abundant polysaccharides and triterpenoids but also a variety of other bioactive components, such as phenolics, flavonoids, and sterols (Figure 3) (Peng et al., 2023). In particular, flavonoids are widely recognized for their remarkable antioxidant properties and potential health benefits. Several phenolic compounds, including protocatechuic aldehyde, syringic acid, phelligridimer A, and inoscavin A, have been identified in Sanghuangporus (Li et al., 2022). These flavonoids and other polyphenols collectively contribute to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties of Sanghuangporus. Figure 3 Chemical structures of flavonoids and other phenolic compounds in Phellinus linteus (Adopted from Peng et al., 2023) Image caption: (A) Flavonoids; (B) Other phenolic compounds (Adopted from Peng et al., 2023) The presence of phenols and flavonoids enhances the pharmacological profile of Sanghuangporus by providing additional mechanisms for disease prevention and treatment. These compounds have been shown to inhibit inflammatory responses and provide protective effects against oxidative stress (Dong, 2024). Flavonoids from Sanghuangporus have demonstrated immune-enhancing activities, stimulating the production of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, and interferon (IFN)-γ in immune cells while inhibiting tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α expression (Zhu et al., 2023). These multifaceted actions of minor constituents, alongside the major components like polysaccharides and triterpenoids, make Sanghuangporus a promising candidate for managing various chronic diseases. 3 Pharmacological Effects of Sanghuangporus Extract 3.1 Antioxidant properties Sanghuangporus exhibits potent antioxidant properties primarily through free radical scavenging activities (Krstanoski et al., 2023). Its antioxidant activity is attributed to the presence of bioactive components such as polysaccharides, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds (Mu et al., 2021). These components have been shown to neutralize free radicals, thus preventing oxidative damage to cells. In a study investigating the antioxidative effect of Sanghuangporus on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, Sanghuangporus demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in DPPH radical scavenging activity, indicating its strong antioxidant capacity (Kim et al., 2019). In vitro studies have shown that Sanghuangporus extracts possess significant antioxidant activity by inhibiting lipid peroxidation and enhancing cellular antioxidant enzyme activities. In a study involving fortified yogurt with Sanghuangporus extracts, Sanghuangporus demonstrated substantial antioxidant activity in vitro through its high DPPH inhibition rate. In an antioxidant study on nematodes, it was demonstrated that Sanghuangporus extract promotes antioxidant effects by reducing ROS accumulation, upregulating the expression of antioxidant-related genes, enhancing antioxidant capacity, and influencing metabolite levels (Dong et al., 2023). A B
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