Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 259-274 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 261 Sanghuangporus polysaccharides have been shown to exhibit a variety of biological activities, including antioxidant, antitumor, immunomodulatory, hypoglycemic, and anti-inflammatory properties (Zhang et al., 2022). For instance, PIP-1 demonstrated potent antioxidant activities, effectively scavenging hydroxyl radicals and chelating ferrous metal ions. Furthermore, it exhibited inhibitory effects on the growth of cancer cells, including HT-29 and MCF-7 cells, indicating potential anticancer properties (Yuan et al., 2018). Another study found that polysaccharides fromSanghuangporus induced mitochondrial apoptosis in hepatic carcinoma cells by enhancing reactive oxygen species-mediated AKT/p53 signaling pathways, highlighting their potential in cancer therapy (Jin et al., 2023). Sanghuangporus polysaccharides also possess immune-enhancing activities by activating Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated signaling pathways in macrophages, thereby showing promise as an immune adjuvant (Wang et al., 2019). Additionally, polysaccharides from Sanghuangporus have been reported to modulate gut microbiota and alleviate hyperglycemia in diabetic mice, indicating potential benefits for metabolic health (Ni et al., 2023). Studies indicate that polysaccharide peptides from Sanghuangporus spp. exert anti-inflammatory effects through multiple mechanisms, including regulation of inflammatory cytokine expression, inhibition of oxidative stress, and improvement of colon tissue damage (Zuo et al., 2021). 2.2 Triterpenoids Triterpenoids are another group of bioactive components found in Sanghuangporus spp. They are known for their complex chemical structures, often featuring various functional groups such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, and carboxyl groups (Table 1). Research has identified several 22-hydroxylanostane triterpenoids from the fruiting bodies of Sanghuangporus (Figure 2), which possess unique structures and potential biological activities (Li et al., 2021). Additionally, igniarine, a tirucallane-type triterpenoid, along with other known triterpenoids like meshimakobnol A and B, ergosterol, and ergosterol peroxide, have been isolated fromSanghuangporus spp. These compounds have demonstrated various biological activities, including cytotoxicity against certain tumor cell lines (Thanh et al., 2018). Table 1 Triterpenes in Fa fromSanghuangporus sanghuang (Adopted from Liu et al., 2024) No. Compound m/z tR(s) Accuracy (×106) Lonmode 1 Glycyrrhetinic acid 453.320 4 768.7 2.51 [M+H-H2O] + 2 Obaku none 437.191 7 802.1 0.15 [M+H-H2O] + 3 Ursolic acid 439.342 3 809.2 4.05 [M+H-H2O] + 4 Euphorbol 427.353 8 918.1 2.70 [M+H]+ 5 4.25-Dihydroxylanosterol in Dianzhi Agraria 429.401 6 931.2 1.74 [M+H]+ 6 Soyasaponin 459.383 6 862.1 0.71 [M+H]+ 7 Lanosterol 425.267 2 806.5 2.79 [M-H]- 8 Maslinic acid 471.346 9 941.0 1.97 [M-H]- Figure 2 22-X-ray crystal structure of hydroxylanoane triterpenoids (Adapted from Li et al., 2021) Triterpenoids from Sanghuangporus spp. have been shown to exhibit a range of pharmacological activities. Cardioprotective effects have been observed in some 22-hydroxylanostane triterpenoids, which were found to protect against oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation injury in H9c2 cells, suggesting potential benefits for cardiovascular health (Li et al., 2021). In addition, triterpenoids have been reported to exhibit anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. For example, Sanghuangporus triterpenoids have shown inhibitory
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODYzNA==