Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 259-274 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 260 Moreover, exploring the complex interactions between bioactive compounds in natural extracts and biological systems can lead to discovering new pathways for disease prevention and treatment (Lv et al., 2023). This study systematically examines the pharmacological effects of Sanghuangporus spp. extract and its potential applications in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. It details the primary bioactive components of Sanghuangporus spp., such as polysaccharides and triterpenoids, and their pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-tumor, and immunomodulatory properties. The study explores the application of Sanghuangporus spp. in combating chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, liver diseases, and cardiovascular disorders. Additionally, it assesses the safety and efficacy of Sanghuangporus spp. extract, providing theoretical and practical references for its development into functional foods and pharmaceuticals. 2 Primary Active Components of Sanghuangporus spp. 2.1 Polysaccharides Polysaccharides are one of the primary bioactive components of Sanghuangporus. They typically consist of a complex structure of glucose, galactose, mannose, xylose, and other monosaccharides. One study reported the isolation of a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide named PIP-1 fromSanghuangporus mycelia, which exhibited a linear repeating backbone composed of glucopyranose (Glcp), galactopyranose, and mannopyranose linked by α-(1→4), α-(1→3), and α-(1→6) glycosidic bonds, and contained single α-terminal-D-Glcp as side chains (Yuan et al., 2018). Extraction methods for Sanghuangporus polysaccharides include hot water extraction, ethanol precipitation, and chromatographic techniques for purification (Figure 1). Polysaccharides can be further modified to enhance their bioactivities, such as preparing selenium-enriched polysaccharides that have demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects (Luo et al., 2021). Figure 1 The characteristic of PIP (Adopted from Jin et al., 2023) Image caption: (A) PIP isolation and purification process; (B) Ultraviolet full wavelength scanning; (C) Standard curve of glucose by Sulfuric acid - phenol method; (D) GPC result of PIP; (E) FT-IR of PIP; Anion chromatograph result of control (F) and PIP (G) (Adopted from Jin et al., 2023)
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