Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 245-258 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 253 Figure 8 EU70 decreases RANKL mRNA levels and increases OPG mRNA levels in joint tissue. *: P<0.05 compared with the control group; #: P<0.05 compared with the CIA group (Adopted from Wang et al., 2016) 5.3 Neuroprotective applications E. ulmoides has also been investigated for its neuroprotective properties. A study focusing on the antidepressant potential of chlorogenic acid-enriched extract from E. ulmoides bark found that the extract could promote serotonin release and enhance synapsin I expression, which are crucial for neuron protection and cognitive improvement. The extract demonstrated antidepressant-like effects in animal models, suggesting its potential for treating depression (Figure 9) (Wu et al., 2016). Additionally, E. ulmoides has been shown to have broad neuroprotective effects, including benefits for neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. The plant's extracts and active compounds have been found to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities, which contribute to its efficacy in managing these conditions (Huang et al., 2021; Zhao et al., 2022). These findings indicate that E. ulmoides could be a valuable natural resource for developing treatments for various neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Figure 9 The effects of CGA ± Cort on the expression of synapsin I in the cells of fetal rat raphe neurons. (A) Control; (B) CGA treatment; (C) Cort treatment; and (D) Cort + CGA treatment. Notes: Fluorescence microscopy shows the representative images of neurons stained by FITC. The cells were treated with culture medium with 0.1% DMSO (control), or 1 nM CGA ± 10 µM Cort. The results are representative of at least three independent experiments (Adopted from Wu et al., 2016)
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