Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 126-136 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 130 the production of NO and PGE2 in mouse macrophages RAW264.7 induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as well as the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1β. Further research has found that tetrandrine can also inhibit the binding activity of NF kappaB with nuclear proteins, reduce the transcriptional activity of NF kappaB, and thus inhibit acute inflammation. The combination of chrysanthemum and goji berry has strong antioxidant activity, which can reduce the expression of inflammatory markers such as iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in macrophages (Zhang et al., 2019). Additionally, the hot-water extracts of Chrysanthemum morifolium were found to activate the PI3K/Akt-mediated Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, thereby enhancing the expression of antioxidant enzymes and reducing oxidative stress in ARPE-19 cells (Hao et al., 2021). Chrysanthemum has antioxidant potential in clearing free radicals and inhibiting lipopolysaccharide induced inflammatory response (Li et al., 2019). 5.2 Antimicrobial and antiviral effects Chrysanthemum has certain antibacterial and antiviral effects, which can effectively inhibit Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and other bacteria. The essential oils extracted from chrysanthemums have anti Streptococcus agalactiae and Helicobacter pylori properties, including significant minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values (Youssef et al., 2020). And it also has antiviral activity against viruses such as herpes simplex type-1 (HSV-1) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), indicating their potential use as natural preservatives and anti-infectiveagents. The chemical components of the volatile oil extracted from chamomile flowers (Matricaria chamomilla L.) can effectively inhibit the activity of Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus (Stanojevic et al., 2016). The content and antibacterial activity of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in Iranian chrysanthemum were evaluated, and it was found that phenolic and flavonoid substances have significant inhibitory effects on Salmonella enterica and Bacillus cereus (Hodaei et al., 2021). Oji et al. (2012) found that the components of flower oil, stem oil, and leaf oil in chrysanthemum are different. Among them, leaf oil is the most abundant and has a certain inhibitory effect on both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The essential oil extracted from leaves and stems has the strongest inhibitory effect. In addition to inhibiting bacterial activity, chrysanthemum essential oil can also inhibit fungal activity. 5.3 Cardiovascular benefits The cardiovascular protective effects of Chrysanthemum morifoliumhave been well-documented. Extracts from the flower have been shown to reduce the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and E-selectin in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, which are critical markers of cardiovascular inflammation (Lii et al., 2010). Additionally, Chrysanthemum morifolium extract ameliorated doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by decreasing apoptosis and improving heart function in animal models (Figure 2), suggesting its potential in protecting against chemotherapy-induced heartdamage (Ono et al., 2022). Chrysanthemum protein can also inhibit the development of atherosclerosis by reducing vasculitis (Farkhondeh et al., 2019). In Ono et al.'s (2022) study, the repair effect of CME on DOX induced cardiac dysfunction was investigated, and several different measurement indicators were used to evaluate the progression of changes in cardiac function and structure. It can be seen from the M-mode image in Figure 2A, the cardiac structure of the group treated with DOX plus CME appears to be better preserved compared to the group treated with DOX alone. This suggests that CME may help protect the heart from the toxic effects of DOX. Figures 2D and Figures 2E show the ratio of body weight and heart weight to tibia length (HW/TL ratio), respectively, which are indicators of cardiac hypertrophy and overall health. The results showed that CME treatment was able to attenuate DOX-induced weight loss and heart weight increase, further confirming its potential for cardioprotection. This study provides strong evidence that CME can offset the adverse effects of DOX on the heart, This provides strong evidence of potential benefits for cancer patients who require DOX treatment.
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