Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 126-136 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 129 Figure 1 The competence of CMF and CIF in lowering blood pressure and HR (Adopted from Wang et al., 2022) Image caption: (A)—The change of MBP under four measurements; (B)—Difference value between the last and the first measurement of MBP; (C)—Difference value between the last and the first measurement of HR. Values shown are mean ± SD. ## p< 0.01 compared with C group; * p<0.05, ** p< 0.01 compared with M group (Adopted from Wang et al., 2022) Wang et al. (2022) demonstrated the effects of flavonoids on cardiovascular function in rats under different physiological states. As can be seen from Figure 1A, compared with the control group, flavonoids significantly affected the changes in blood pressure, especially in the later stages of the experiment. Figure 1B and Figure 1C show the effects of flavonoids on mean blood pressure and heart rate in rats, with some combinations showing significant physiological effects, reducing increases in heart rate and blood pressure, suggesting that these compounds may help regulate cardiovascular function, and may have preventive or therapeutic effects on cardiovascular disease. These results highlight the importance of further exploring the use of flavonoids in cardiovascular health. 4.3 Essential oils and volatile compounds The essential oils and volatile compounds of Chrysanthemum morifolium are another critical component of its chemical profile. Most of the volatile oil substances are terpenoids, such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, etc., as well as hydrocarbons, esters, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, and organic acids. Volatile compound component camphor, α-humulene, and ledene oxide-(I) (Youssef et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2022). These compounds are known for their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. For example, camphor, a major constituent, has demonstrated significant antiviral and antimicrobial properties, making it a potential natural preservative. There are significant differences in the content and composition of volatile compounds in different varieties of chrysanthemums, and it is possible to cultivate quality specific varieties to improve their therapeutic potential (Yang et al., 2017). The content and composition of volatile oil substances in chrysanthemums may also vary due to different processing techniques, extraction techniques, and types of compounds. 4.4 Other notable bioactive components In addition to flavonoids and essential oils, Chrysanthemum morifoliumcontains other bioactive components such as polysaccharide substances, caffeoylquinic acids, phenolic glycosides, and lignans. Polysaccharides are also important medicinal components of chrysanthemum, with certain effects in antioxidant, antiviral, anti-tumor, blood pressure lowering, anti-inflammatory, immune regulation, and health care. The effects of polysaccharides are closely related to the variety, origin, and extraction method of chrysanthemum. Caffeoylquinic acids, for instance, are known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, contributing to the plant's overall therapeutic potential. Phenolic glycosides and lignans have also been identified as significant neuroprotective agents, offering potential benefits in treating neurodegenerative diseases (Yang et al., 2019). Furthermore, compounds like lupeol and α-amyrin have shown cytotoxic effects against various cancer cell lines, highlighting the plant's potential in cancer therapy (Sayed, 2023). 5 Pharmacological Activities 5.1 Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties The liver, as an important organ for metabolizing drugs and toxic substances in the human body, plays an important role in many physiological processes. Many active ingredients in chrysanthemum are believed to be beneficial for protecting the liver. A type of tetrandrin extracted from North Yellow Chrysanthemum can inhibit
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