Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 162-170 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 166 The modulation of oxidative stress response by Hydrocotyle vulgaris involves the activation of antioxidant pathways and the reduction of oxidative stress markers like ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA). Phytochemicals enhance the body's antioxidant capacity by up-regulating enzymes such as SOD and catalase, thereby protecting cells from oxidative damage and reducing the risk of chronic diseases (Soleymani et al., 2019). Phytochemicals fromHydrocotyle vulgaris also play a role in immune system regulation by modulating the activity of immune cells such as macrophages and T-cells. They enhance innate and adaptive immune responses, thereby improving the body's ability to fight infections and reducing the risk of immune-related disorders. This immunomodulatory effect is crucial for maintaining overall health and preventing chronic inflammation (Gomes et al., 2019; Saleh et al., 2021). 4.3 Synergistic effects with other compounds The therapeutic potential of Hydrocotyle vulgaris can be enhanced when combined with other herbal extracts. Synergistic effects have been observed when phytochemicals from different plants are used together, leading to improved efficacy in treating various conditions. This combination can enhance the bioavailability and potency of the active compounds, thereby providing better therapeutic outcomes (Ahmed et al., 2022). While the combination of Hydrocotyle vulgaris with other herbs can be beneficial, it is also important to consider potential drug-herb interactions. Phytochemicals can interact with conventional drugs, either enhancing or inhibiting their effects. Therefore, careful consideration and monitoring are required when using Hydrocotyle vulgaris in conjunction with other medications to avoid adverse effects. The bioavailability of phytochemicals from Hydrocotyle vulgaris can be a limiting factor in their therapeutic efficacy. However, combining these phytochemicals with other compounds can enhance their absorption and bioavailability. Techniques such as the use of bioenhancers or formulation with other bioactive compounds can improve the delivery and effectiveness of these phytochemicals in the body (Houghton, 2019; Jantan et al., 2021). 5 Case Study 5.1 Historical uses in traditional medicine Hydrocotyle vulgaris, commonly known as pennywort, has been utilized in various traditional medicine systems for centuries. Historically, it has been employed by different cultures for its purported therapeutic properties. For instance, in traditional Chinese medicine, a related species, Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides, has been used to treat a wide array of ailments including fever, edema, dysentery, and rheumatalgia. It has also been used as a brain tonic, detoxifying agent, and hepatoprotective agent (Hazarika et al., 2020). Similarly, in European folk medicine, plants like Alchemilla vulgaris, which share some phytochemical properties with Hydrocotyle vulgaris, have been used for their astringent and anti-inflammatory properties, particularly in the treatment of gynecological and gastrointestinal diseases. 5.2 Modern applications in healthcare In contemporary healthcare, the therapeutic potential of Hydrocotyle vulgaris is being explored through scientific validation. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed several traditional uses of related species. For example, Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides has demonstrated significant pharmacological activities such as cognitive enhancement, anti-cancer, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and hepatoprotective effects. Alchemilla vulgaris has been scientifically validated for its wound healing potential, particularly when incorporated into hydrogels for topical application. This modern approach has shown that the plant's extracts can accelerate wound healing, attributed to their phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and favorable pH levels (Kong et al., 2023). 5.3 Comparative analysis of traditional and modern uses A comparative analysis of the traditional and modern uses of Hydrocotyle vulgaris and related species reveals a significant overlap in their therapeutic applications. Traditional uses, such as the treatment of inflammatory conditions and wound healing, have been substantiated by modern pharmacological studies. For instance, the traditional use of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides for treating infections and inflammation aligns with its scientifically proven antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties (Hazarika et al., 2020). Similarly, the folkloric
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