Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 162-170 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 165 enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD). This modulation helps in reducing oxidative stress, which is a key factor in chronic inflammation and various metabolic disorders (Houghton, 2019). 4.2 Interaction with biological pathways Hydrocotyle vulgaris interacts with inflammatory pathways by modulating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. This modulation is achieved through the inhibition of key signaling molecules like NF-κB and MAPKs, which are central to the inflammatory response. By targeting these pathways, phytochemicals can effectively reduce inflammation and its associated symptoms (Figure 2) (Merecz-Sadowska et al., 2020; Shin et al., 2020). Figure 2 NF-κB, MAPKs, JAK/STAT1 pathways and plant-derived inhibitors (Adopted from Merecz-Sadowska et al., 2020)
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