Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 137-150 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 144 Figure 3 Effects of AMK extract on the migratory capacity and the growth within a 3D spheroid model in AGS cells (Adapted from Choi et al., 2024) Image caption: (A) Cells were imaged at 0, 4, 8, and 24 h after treatment with various AMK extract concentrations; (B) After 24 h treatment with AMK extract (50, 100, 150, and 200 μg/mL), the results showed a significant decrease in mobility. Spheroids were allowed to form over three days and then treated with AMK extract for six days using pre-treatment options including or excluding 10 μM z-VAD for 1 h before AMK extract treatment; (C) It shows a representative spheroid captured by phase contrast microscopy nine days after initial cell seeding (6 days after drug treatment); (D) The spheroid size was quantified using NIS-Elements BR software (Version 4.3). Results are presented as the means ± standard error. ** p <0.01, *** p <0.001 and **** p < 0.0001 compared to untreated controls. There is a significant size difference between spheroids on day 0 and day 6 of drug treatment (&&& p < 0.001) and spheroids without AMK extract treatment and spheroids treated with AMK extract have a significant difference. Differences between the Z-VAD treated group and the non-Z-VAD treated group are indicated as # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01. AMK: Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. CTRL: Control (Adapted from Choi et al., 2024) 5.5 Other notable pharmacological effects Beyond its anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant activities, Atractylodes macrocephala exhibits various other pharmacological effects. These include anti-tumor properties, as demonstrated by the induction of apoptosis in cancer cells via mitochondrial pathways and the modulation of key signaling pathways (Chan et al., 2020). The herb also shows potential in treating metabolic disorders, such as hyperuricemia, by inhibiting enzymes involved in uric acid production and improving renal function (Qian et al., 2022). Additionally, A. macrocephala has been reported to have neuroprotective, anti-osteoporotic, and anti-aging activities, further highlighting its potential as a versatile therapeutic agent (Zhu et al., 2018). Atractylodes macrocephala is a multifaceted medicinal herb with a wide range of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, gastrointestinal, and other notable effects. These properties support its traditional uses and suggest potential applications in modern health products. Further research is warranted to fully elucidate the molecular mechanisms and optimize its therapeutic potential. 6 Modern Health Product Development 6.1 Transition from traditional herb to modern applications Baizhu has been utilized for centuries in East Asian medicine to treat a variety of ailments, including gastrointestinal dysfunction, cancer, osteoporosis, and obesity (Zhu et al., 2018). The transition from traditional herb to modern health products has been driven by extensive research into its phytochemistry and pharmacology.
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