Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 71-84 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 73 Figure 1 Geographical distribution, chemical and morphological characteristics of representative CM cultivars (Adopted from Hao et al., 2022) Image caption: The medicinal quality (Q) markers of each cultivar are shown: Boju, Huaiju, Gongju and Hangju: chlorogenic acid, 3,5-DCQA, and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (Lu et al., 2022b); Chuju: chlorogenic acid, Lut-7-O-G, quercetin, 3,5-DCQA (Yang et al., 2018); Qiju: chlorogenic acid, 3,5-DCQA, and Lut-7-O-G (Peng et al., 2019); Jiju: chlorogenic acid, luteolin and 3,5-DCQA (Kang et al., 2022); The Q-marker of Chuanju of Zhongjiang, Sichuan Province is not reported (Adopted from Hao et al., 2022) 2.3 Application fields Chrysanthemum morifolium has various uses and benefits, with widespread applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and beverage industries. Currently, products such as chrysanthemum tea, chrysanthemum wine, chrysanthemum pastries, and chrysanthemum cosmetics have been developed. Chrysanthemum tea refers to chrysanthemums used for brewing tea, known for their cooling properties that can relieve cold symptoms and improve vision (Zou et al., 2021; Hao et al., 2022). Edible chrysanthemums are those that can be consumed, containing high levels of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. They can be eaten fresh or dried, used in soups, stir-fries, fillings, or as food ingredients (Tang et al., 2024). Medicinal chrysanthemums contain many bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and essential oils, which give them medicinal properties (Chen et al., 2020; Youssef et al., 2020). They are used to treat various ailments, including respiratory issues, hypertension, and inflammation (Hao et al., 2022; Ojha et al., 2023). Ornamental chrysanthemums come in numerous varieties with rich colors and beautiful flower shapes, displaying a wide range of forms. Depending on the cultivation method, they can be divided into four main categories: potted chrysanthemums, ground cover chrysanthemums, cut chrysanthemums, and styled chrysanthemums (art chrysanthemums). Due to their diverse colors and forms, and relatively easy cultivation and maintenance, they are popular in both professional and amateur horticulture (Sasaki et al., 2017). 3 Genomic Research inChrysanthemum morifolium 3.1 History of genomic studies in chrysanthemums In recent years, significant progress has been made in the genomics research of Chrysanthemum morifolium. DNA molecular markers have been widely used to construct genetic linkage maps of Chrysanthemum parents, but the average genetic distance between markers remains large, and the maps contain relatively few markers. Zhang et al. (2011) used RAPD markers to construct genetic maps for the varieties “Yuhualuoying” and “Aoyunhanxiao”, with 333 and 342 marker loci respectively, consisting of 57 and 55 linkage groups. The cumulative map lengths were 1,912.8 cM and 1,887.9 cM, with genome coverage rates of 65% and 66%, respectively. Peng et al. (2015) employed SSR and SRAP marker techniques to construct genetic maps for the cut flower Chrysanthemum variety
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