Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 71-84 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 72 morifolium varieties have revealed important phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary patterns of the plant (Tyagi et al., 2019; Xia et al., 2021a). Additionally, transcriptomic analyses have identified differentially expressed genes that play crucial roles in the development of Chrysanthemum morifoliumand the biosynthesis of medicinal compounds (Ding et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2022). These superior genes can be used to enhance the ornamental value and medicinal quality of Chrysanthemum morifolium, thereby accelerating breeding efficiency. This study comprehensively reviews the current state of Chrysanthemum morifoliumgenomics research, including the construction of genetic linkage maps, whole-genome assembly, and transcriptomics studies. It highlights key genes and regulatory networks involved in Chrysanthemum morifolium development and the accumulation of medicinal components, exploring the application value of genomics research in improving the quality and commercial value of Chrysanthemum morifolium. By integrating existing genomic research findings and synthesizing discoveries from multiple studies, the study elucidates the adaptability and evolutionary patterns of Chrysanthemum morifolium, enhancing its medicinal potential. 2 Botanical Characteristics of Chrysanthemum morifolium 2.1 Morphological description Chrysanthemum morifoliumis is a perennial herbaceous plant of Chrysanthemum genus in the family of Asteraceae. As a highly heterozygous cultivated group, Chrysanthemum morifoliumis exhibits a complex genetic background and rich genetic diversity. Different varieties display a wide range of morphological traits, and even the same variety can show significant phenotypic differences under different cultivation conditions. The main classification criteria for Chrysanthemum morifoliumis varieties include inflorescence diameter, ray flower morphology, capitulum morphology, leaf morphology, flower color, and flowering period. For example, based on the flowering period, Chrysanthemum morifoliumis varieties can be classified into summer-flowering (June to September), autumn-flowering (October to November), winter-flowering (December to the following January), and year-round flowering. According to the diameter of the capitulum, they are divided into large-flowered types (greater than 6 cm) and small-flowered types (less than 6 cm), which are further classified into ray floret and disc floret types (Chen et al., 2009). The tubular petals in Chrysanthemum morifoliumis mainly arise from variations in disc florets and belong to the disc floret type. Compared to variations in the ray floret type, these are simpler and easier to distinguish. The leaves are shallowly serrated, and traits such as the number of leaf lobes, leaf width, leaf length, leaf area, and petiole length vary significantly among different varieties. Chrysanthemum morifoliumis exhibits a rich diversity of flower colors, including white, yellow, pink, red, and various intermediate shades. The capitulum is composed of numerous small florets, whose arrangement and size vary by variety (Shao et al., 2011). The plant's height and branching patterns also show considerable variability, enhancing its ornamental value (Sasaki et al., 2017). 2.2 Habitat and geographical distribution Chrysanthemum morifoliumis is native to East Asia, particularly China, where it has been cultivated for over 2,000 years (Hao et al., 2022). Chrysanthemum morifoliumis is a short-day plant that thrives in warm climates and sunny environments, being highly sensitive to the length of daylight. It requires less than 10 hours of light per day to flower normally. Chrysanthemum morifoliumis prefers fertile soil rich in humus and well-drained sandy loam. It is relatively drought-tolerant, cold-resistant, but susceptible to waterlogging, and should not be continuously cultivated in the same soil. Chrysanthemum morifoliumis originated in China and belongs to the Chrysanthemum genus within the Anthemideae tribe of the Artemisiinae subtribe in the Asteraceae family. Globally, the Anthemideae tribe comprises approximately 111 genera and 1,800 species (Yang et al., 2022; Ye et al., 2022), with most species distributed in Central Asia, around the Mediterranean, and in southern Africa. While the genus Chrysanthemum is mainly distributed in East Asia, the closely related Ajania Poljak is mainly distributed in northwest China and other regions, the closely related genera such as Brachanthemumand Kaschgaria aremainly distributed in deserts, and the closely related monotypic genus Stilpnolepis centiflora is predominantly found in sand dunes. The geographical distribution of Chrysanthemum morifolium is closely linked to its cultivation for both ornamental and medicinal purposes. Different cultivars have been developed in various regions, leading to a rich diversity in morphological and chemical traits (Figure 1) (Feng et al., 2016b; Hao et al., 2022).
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