Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 107-116 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 112 Figure 2 Mechanisms of development of obesity and metabolic syndrome (Adopted from Bayliak et al., 2021) Image capton: Chronic excessive energy intake especially in combination with low physical activity results in a positive energy balance that may increase insulin production with stimulation of lipogenesis in visceral white adipose tissue. Adipose tissue primarily responds to the higher demand for energy storage by increasing the size of adipocytes leading to adipocyte hypertrophy. As a first step, adipocytes produce higher ROS levels due to stimulation of glucose oxidation via mitochondrial respiration. Increased ROS levels induce activation of adipose AP-1 transcription factor, a regulator of adipose cell proliferation and differentiation, and NFκB transcription factor, which trigger an acute inflammation response followed by releasing proinflammatory mediators, including interleukins (IL-6, IL-1β), TNF-α and MCP1. The latter mediates mac-rophage infiltration in adipose tissue. Recruited macrophages produce high levels of ROS as a part of their protective function resulting in intensification of oxidative stress which further stimulates inflammation processes, forming a vicious cycle. Both chronic oxidative stress and inflammation lead to metabolic complications. NF-κB acts as a negative regulator of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma PPARγ, which regulates expression of anti-inflammatory mediators and adiponectin. Adiponectin sensitizes adipocytes to insulin and stimulates lipogenesis. In the hypertrophied adipocytes, synthesis of adiponectin is decreased and that impairs the insulin signaling and stimulates lipolysis with the release of free fatty acids (FFAs) into the bloodstream. FFAs are adsorbed by liver and muscle causing a decrease in insulin sensitivity of these tissues. As a result, blood glucose level increases. Activated gluconeogenesis in insulin-insensitive liver also contributes to hyperglycemia. Liver increases synthesis and accumulation of triacylglycerols (TAG) that impairs its function and provokes atherogenic blood dyslipidemia. Together these processes characterize metabolic syndrome development (Adopted from Bayliak et al., 2021) 6.3 Consumer preferences and cultural significance Chamomile tea has a long history of traditional medicinal use and is one of the most popular medicinal plants worldwide. Its calming effects and pleasant taste make it a preferred choice among consumers seeking natural remedies for stress and anxiety (Chaves et al., 2020). In various cultures, chamomile is valued not only for its medicinal properties but also for its role in traditional rituals and daily life. For instance, in traditional Uygur medicine, chamomile is used to treat hepatitis and cholecystitis, showcasing its cultural significance. In comparison, other herbal teas like yerba maté and echinacea are also popular in different regions, each with its unique cultural and therapeutic significance. However, chamomile's widespread acceptance and extensive use in both traditional and modern medicine underscore its prominent position among herbal teas. In summary, chamomile tea's rich nutritional profile, extensive therapeutic applications, and deep-rooted cultural significance make it a standout among herbal teas. Its high content of bioactive compounds and proven health benefits position it as a valuable natural remedy in both traditional and contemporary contexts (Herrera et al., 2018).
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