Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 71-84 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 77 4.3 Evolutionary significance of polyploidy inChrysanthemum morifolium Chrysanthemum morifolium is an allohexaploid that has undergone whole-genome duplication (WGD) events. Comparative transcriptome analysis of Chrysanthemum morifoliumand its wild relative, Chrysanthemum boreale, indicates that both species have experienced polyploidization events, which have enhanced their genetic complexity and adaptability (Won et al., 2017). Transcriptome analysis shows that the genetic pattern of Chrysanthemum morifoliumis primarily hexaploid, with polyploidy acting as a driving force in its evolutionary history (Fan et al., 2021). Chrysanthemum lavandulifoliumhas undergone two WGD events, the most recent one being shared by all Asteraceae plants, and an earlier one being the γ event common to core eudicots. Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium itself has not experienced additional WGD events, with its genomic evolution mainly driven by tandem duplication events. This ongoing genomic change contributes to the diversity and adaptability of the genus (Wen et al., 2022). 5 Medicinal Value of Chrysanthemum morifolium 5.1 Bioactive compounds and their therapeutic properties Chrysanthemum morifoliumis renowned not only for its ornamental value but also for its significant medicinal properties. The plant contains a variety of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, and essential oils, which contribute to its therapeutic effects (Yue et al., 2018). Flavonoids: The flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium are rich in flavonoids such as luteolin, apigenin, and quercetin. These compounds exhibit potent antioxidant properties, neutralizing free radicals and protecting cells from oxidative damage. They also have anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic effects, making them valuable in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Phenolic Acids: Compounds like chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid are abundant in Chrysanthemum morifolium. These phenolic acids possess strong antioxidant activities and contribute to the plant's anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiviral properties. They also play a role in modulating immune responses and protecting against cardiovascular diseases (Dong et al., 2023). Terpenoids: Chrysanthemum morifolium contains several terpenoids, including sesquiterpene lactones, which have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and hepatoprotective effects. These compounds are also known for their ability to inhibit the growth of various pathogens, including bacteria and fungi. Essential Oils: The essential oils extracted from Chrysanthemum morifolium flowers contain a mix of volatile compounds that exhibit antimicrobial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties. These oils are commonly used in aromatherapy and traditional medicine for their soothing and healing effects. 5.2 Pharmacological activities and clinical applications The pharmacological activities of Chrysanthemum morifolium are diverse, reflecting its extensive use in traditional and modern medicine. Key clinical applications include: Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects: The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Chrysanthemum morifolium are well-documented. These effects help in managing oxidative stress and inflammation-related conditions, such as arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders (Yue et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2022). Antimicrobial Activity: The plant's bioactive compounds exhibit significant antimicrobial properties, making it effective against a range of bacterial, viral, and fungal infections (Figure 3) (Youssef et al., 2020). This antimicrobial activity supports its traditional use in treating respiratory infections, skin conditions, and gastrointestinal disorders (Yuan et al., 2020). Cardiovascular Health: Chrysanthemum morifoliumhas been shown to improve cardiovascular health by reducing blood pressure, lowering cholesterol levels, and enhancing blood circulation. These effects are largely attributed to its flavonoids and phenolic acids, which help in preventing atherosclerosis and other heart-related issues (Feng et al., 2016b).
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