Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 57-70 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 63 Figure 2 Pathway map of RAB in the treatment of osteoarthritis (Adopted from Zhang et al., 2020) Image caption: The main targets of Radix Achyranthis Bidentatae in the treatment of osteoarthritis are located in the apoptosis pathway. Arrows represent the activation effect, T-arrows represent the inhibition effect, and segments show the activation effect or inhibition effect (Adopted from Zhang et al., 2020) 5.1.2 Patient demographics and selection criteria The primary subjects in these studies are typically female Sprague-Dawley rats that have undergone ovariectomy to induce osteoporosis. These rats are then divided into different groups, including a sham-operated group and various treatment groups receiving different doses of Achyranthes bidentata extracts or polysaccharides. The selection criteria ensure that the rats are of similar age and weight to minimize variability in the results (Zhang et al., 2019). 5.2 Efficacy in osteoarthritis Achyranthes bidentata has shown promising results in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). Among the compounds extracted fromAchyranthes bidentata, quercetin, also known as quercetin, is a flavonoid compound that can inhibit the release of inflammatory mediators, reduce neuronal cell apoptosis, inhibit the expression of matrix metalloproteinases, scavenge oxygen free radicals, and effectively reduce various adverse reactions caused by oxidative stress (Huang, 2019). Kaempferol can inhibit the activation of proteins related to the nuclear transcription factor-κB signaling pathway and the release of inflammatory mediators, thereby exerting an anti-inflammatory effect (Zhou et al., 2015). β-Sitosterol is one of the components of plant sterols and plays an important role in anti-inflammatory, tumor inhibition, and immune regulation. The intake of β-sitosterol has a certain relationship with the incidence of chronic diseases (Zhang, 2011). A systematic pharmacology and in vitro study identified quercetin, baicalein, and berberine as critical active compounds in Achyranthes bidentata that target TNF, IL-6, and TP53, which are involved in the inflammatory and apoptotic pathways of OA. These compounds were found to regulate apoptosis, inflammation, and immune responses, thereby providing therapeutic benefits in OA. Additionally, Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharides (ABPS) have been shown to activate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, promoting chondrocyte proliferation and enhancing the expression of type II collagen, which is crucial for cartilage repair (Weng et al., 2014).
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