Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 57-70 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 61 level of triglycerides in serum, and reduce the damage of lipids to vascular endothelial cells (Si, 2007); Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharides exert anticoagulant effects by prolonging the coagulation time of mice, the plasma prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time of rats (Lin, 2022); Achyranthes bidentata polypeptides have the effects of promoting blood flow recovery and inhibiting secondary thrombosis (Cheng et al., 2019). In addition, Achyranthes bidentata can also inhibit the release of histamine and the dilation of cardiac vessels, and play a hypotensive role (Yuan, 2000). Achyranthes bidentata polypeptide can also effectively reduce the activity of myocardial creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase and the frequency of myocardial apoptosis in rats with myocardial ischemia/reperfusion, thereby reducing cardiac oxidative stress to achieve the purpose of protecting the heart. Its mechanism of action is related to inhibiting the expression of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten) and promoting Akt phosphorylation (Tie et al., 2013). Therefore, Achyranthes bidentataplays an important role in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and hypertension. In conclusion, Achyranthes bidentata exhibits a range of pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and osteogenic activities, which contribute to its efficacy in treating bone and joint disorders. These properties are supported by various studies, highlighting the plant's potential as a therapeutic agent in managing conditions such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. 4 Mechanisms of Action 4.1 Molecular pathways in bone regeneration Achyranthes bidentata has shown significant potential in promoting bone regeneration through various molecular pathways. The polysaccharides extracted from Achyranthes bidentata, such as ABPB and ABPB-3, have been found to increase bone mineral density and trabecular thickness in ovariectomized rats, indicating their efficacy in treating osteoporosis (Zhang et al., 2018). Additionally, ABW50-1, a fructooligosaccharide from Achyranthes bidentata, has demonstrated the ability to stimulate bone formation in a zebrafish model of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (Yan et al., 2019). Achyranthes bidentata alcohol extract can inhibit chondrocyte apoptosis, achieve chondrocyte proliferation, and promote cartilage damage repair by reducing the expression of apoptosis-promoting factor cartilage casein kinase 2-interacting protein 1 and apoptosis key execution molecule caspase-3, upregulating the ratio of anti-apoptotic protein B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 protein (B celllymphoma/lewkmia-2, Bcl-2) to pro-apoptotic single protein Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bcl-2 associated X protein, Bax) (Li, et al., 2015). Achyranthes bidentata sterol can upregulate osteoblast differentiation-related genes and stimulate the formation of autophagosomes, ultimately promoting osteoblast differentiation (Jiang, 2020). These findings suggest that the active components of Achyranthes bidentata can effectively enhance bone regeneration and may serve as potential therapeutic agents for osteoporosis. 4.2 Modulation of inflammatory mediators The anti-inflammatory properties of Achyranthes bidentata play a crucial role in its therapeutic effects on bone and joint disorders, the anti-inflammatory active substances in Achyranthes bidentata are carbohydrates with large molecular weight. Studies have shown that Achyranthes bidentata extracts can significantly reduce the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2, while promoting the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (Wang et al., 2020). This modulation of inflammatory mediators helps in reducing inflammation and protecting the joints from further damage. Furthermore, the compatibility of Achyranthes bidentata components has been found to down-regulate the expression of vital proteins in the arachidonic acid metabolism pathway, such as PGE2 and COX2, which are key players in the inflammatory response (Li et al., 2022). The sterols and saponin components of Achyranthes bidentata can reduce the permeability of local capillaries in the fracture area, reduce the exudation of inflammatory substances, inhibit local swelling of the fracture area, thereby promoting vascular reconstruction and accelerating the recovery of local blood flow disorders. Xie (2011) found that total saponins of Achyranthes bidentata can reduce the level of nitric oxide (NO) in the joint fluid of KOA rabbits, inhibit the phosphorylation of AKT at position 308 in the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway, and inhibit chondrocyte apoptosis. Ma et al. (2019) found that oral administration of Achyranthes bidentata total saponins can enhance the viability and proliferation of chondrocytes in KOA
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