Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 57-70 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 60 Wang et al. (2020) explored the effects of HQ, NX, and YNX on renal function in mice with kidney tissue damage induced by LPS, involving different therapeutic methods of administration and subsequent analysis of renal tissue and serum biomarkers. Histological and biochemical analyses confirmed that HQ, NX, and YNX have significant protective effects on mice with kidney tissue damage induced by LPS. These findings suggest that these treatments have potential therapeutic roles in managing acute kidney injury (AKI). 3.2 Antioxidant properties The antioxidant properties of Achyranthes bidentata contribute to its therapeutic potential in bone and joint disorders. The plant has been found to reduce oxidative stress by inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. In a study investigating the effects of raw and salt-processed Achyranthes bidentata on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute kidney injury, it was observed that the extracts significantly reduced ROS accumulation and apoptosis in kidney cells, indicating strong antioxidant activity (Wang et al., 2020). This reduction in oxidative stress is beneficial in preventing cellular damage and promoting overall joint health. 3.3 Immunomodulatory effects Achyranthes bidentata also exhibits immunomodulatory effects, which play a vital role in managing bone and joint disorders. The plant has been shown to modulate the immune response by regulating the activity of various immune cells and cytokines. For example, a study on the systematic pharmacology of Achyranthes bidentata identified its active compounds and their targets in the treatment of osteoarthritis, highlighting its role in immune regulation and inflammation control (Chen et al., 2020). The plant's ability to modulate immune responses helps in reducing chronic inflammation and preventing further joint damage. Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharide can significantly improve the phagocytic function of mouse mononuclear macrophages, increase the level of mouse serum hemolysin and the number of cells that form antibodies (Si et al., 2023), activate thoracic macrophages (Fan et al., 2021), enhance the activity of natural killer cells in immunocompromised mice (Shao et al., 2002), increase the expression of CD40, CD80 and CD86 on the cell surface (Yang et al., 2020), stimulate T lymphocyte activation, and thus enhance the body's humoral immunity and nonspecific immunity. Achyranthes bidentata saponins can increase the lymphocyte transport level and CD4+/CD8+ ratio of chickens immunized with coccidia, and promote the proliferation of LPS-induced B lymphocytes, indicating that Achyranthes bidentata saponins have immunomodulatory functions (Wang, 2009). 3.4 Osteogenic and chondroprotective activities One of the most significant pharmacological properties of Achyranthes bidentata is its osteogenic and chondroprotective activities. The plant has been extensively studied for its potential in promoting bone formation and protecting cartilage. Several studies have demonstrated that polysaccharides extracted from Achyranthes bidentata can significantly increase bone mineral density, bone mineral content, and trabecular thickness in ovariectomized rats, indicating strong osteoprotective effects (Zhang et al., 2012; 2018; He et al., 2010). Additionally, the plant has been shown to stimulate the proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of osteoblasts, further supporting its role in bone health (Lin et al., 2021). When total steroids and total saponins in Achyranthes bidentata acted simultaneously on a rat model of complete femoral fracture, it was found that the two played a synergistic role in anti-osteoporosis and fracture treatment (Lu, 2014). Zhang et al. (2018) found that Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharides can increase the content of glutarylcarnitine, lysophospholipids (lysoPC, 18:1) and 9-cis retinoic acid based on UPLC/Q-TOF-MS metabolomics analysis, thereby achieving the effect of treating osteoporosis. These properties make Achyranthes bidentata a promising candidate for the treatment of osteoporosis and other bone-related disorders. 3.5 Cardiovascular system protection Achyranthes bidentata has the effect of guiding blood downward, removing blood stasis and promoting menstruation, and its effect is mainly achieved by improving blood microcirculation. Achyranthes bidentata saponins can regulate the length and weight of thrombus, whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, fibrinogen content, hematocrit and other indicators in rats with acute blood stasis model (Lu, 2014), significantly reduce the
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