Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 45-56 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 49 the detailed analysis of bioactive compounds, contributing to the understanding of their potential health benefits and applications in various industries. 5 Bioactivity of Chrysanthemum morifolium 5.1 Antioxidant properties 5.1.1 Mechanisms of action Chrysanthemum morifolium exhibits significant antioxidant properties primarily due to its high phenolic and flavonoid content. The antioxidant mechanisms involve scavenging free radicals and enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. The presence of compounds like acacetin-7-O-rutinoside, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, and chlorogenic acid contributes to these effects by neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reducing oxidative stress (Zhang et al., 2019; Li et al., 2019a; 2019b). 5.1.2 In vitro studies In vitro studies have demonstrated the potent antioxidant activity of Chrysanthemum morifolium extracts. For instance, the hot-water extract of Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Fubaiju showed significant free radical scavenging activities in ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays (Li et al., 2019a). Additionally, the cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) assay indicated that a combination of Chrysanthemum morifolium and wolfberry exhibited synergistic antioxidant effects (Zhang et al., 2019). 5.1.3 In vivo studies In vivo studies have further confirmed the antioxidant potential of Chrysanthemum morifolium. For example, the flower extract was shown to reduce oxidative damage in ARPE-19 cells by activating the PI3K/Akt-mediated Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, which enhances the expression of antioxidant enzymes (Hao et al., 2021). Moreover, Chrysanthemum morifoliumextract ameliorated obesity-induced oxidative stress in rats by increasing muscle mitochondrial content and activity (Lee et al., 2021). 5.2 Anti-inflammatory effects 5.2.1 Molecular targets The anti-inflammatory effects of Chrysanthemum morifolium are mediated through the inhibition of key inflammatory pathways. The extract targets molecules such as nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (Zhang et al., 2019; Lee et al., 2021; Li et al., 2019b). 5.2.2 Experimental evidence Experimental evidence supports the anti-inflammatory properties of Chrysanthemum morifolium. In vitro studies showed that the extract significantly reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide production and inhibited the expression of inflammatory mediators in RAW 264.7 macrophages (Zhang et al., 2019). In vivo, the extract alleviated obesity-induced inflammation in rats by modulating the expression of genes involved in inflammation and adipogenesis (Lee et al., 2021). 5.3 Antimicrobial activity 5.3.1 Spectrum of activity Chrysanthemum morifolium exhibits a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against various pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The essential oils from the flower have shown effectiveness against Streptococcus agalactiae, Helicobacter pylori, and several viruses such as herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) (Youssef et al., 2020). 5.3.2 Clinical relevance The antimicrobial properties of Chrysanthemum morifoliumsuggest its potential use as a natural preservative in food and pharmaceutical products. Its ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms and its antioxidant properties make it a valuable ingredient for enhancing food safety and shelf life (Youssef et al., 2020).
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