Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 45-56 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 46 identification and quantification of key bioactive compounds, their mechanisms of action, and their potential health benefits. 2 Botanical Characteristics of Chrysanthemum morifolium 2.1 Morphological description Chrysanthemum morifolium, commonly known as the florist's chrysanthemum, is a perennial herbaceous plant that belongs to the Asteraceae family. It is characterized by its diverse flower forms, which can range from single to double blooms, and its wide array of colors including white, yellow, pink, and purple. The plant typically has a bushy growth habit with deeply lobed leaves that are alternately arranged on the stem. The flowers are composite, consisting of a central disc floret surrounded by ray florets, which contribute to its ornamental value (Wang et al., 2019; Wen et al., 2022) (Figure 1). Figure 1 The expression patterns of NAM/CUCand LOB30 homologous genes in ten Asteraceae species (Adopted from Wen et al., 2022) Notes: Transcriptomic profiling of development stages in radiate, discoid and ligulate capitula. Stage 6 of the radiate capitulum has both disc and ray floret primordia, stage 6 of the discoid capitulum only has disc floret primordia, and stage 6 of the ligulate capitulum only has ray floret primordia. RF, ray florets; DF, disc florets; FP, foliage primordia; Br, bract; DFP, disc floret primordia; and RFP, ray floret primordia (Adopted from Wen et al., 2022) Wen et al. (2022) The figure and research detail the expression patterns of NAM/CUC and LOB30 homologous genes across ten Asteraceae species during different capitulum developmental stages. The study focuses on radiate, discoid, and ligulate capitula types, examining gene expression at stages 1 and 6. NAMand LOB30 genes show high expression in radiate capitula, crucial for differentiating disc and ray florets. CUC2 and CUC3 exhibit varied expression in discoid and ligulate capitula, suggesting roles in different capitulum types' development. The research highlights the hub roles of NAM, CUC2/3, and LOB30 genes in capitulum development, particularly in floret differentiation. The findings underscore the genetic complexity and evolutionary significance of these genes in the diverse floral structures within the Asteraceae family, offering insights into plant developmental biology and potential applications in horticultural breeding programs. 2.2 Cultivation and harvesting Chrysanthemum morifolium is cultivated extensively for both ornamental and medicinal purposes. The plant thrives in well-drained soil with a pH range of 6.0 to 7.0 and requires full sun to partial shade for optimal growth. It is typically propagated through cuttings, division, or tissue culture to maintain the genetic consistency of cultivars. The cultivation process involves regular watering, fertilization, and pest management to ensure healthy growth. Harvesting of the flowers is usually done in the autumn when they are in full bloom. The flowers are then dried and processed for use in traditional Chinese medicine and as a tea ingredient (Guan et al., 2021; Cai et al., 2022; Hao et al., 2022).
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