Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 11-30 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 18 modulates the MAPK pathway, which affects cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis (Jang et al., 2018). These interactions highlight the broad therapeutic potential of aromatic medicinal plants by targeting multiple pathways involved in disease processes. Key molecular targets of active compounds in aromatic medicinal plants include TRPM8 (Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 8), COX-2, MAPK, and GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) receptors. TRPM8 (Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 8), activated by menthol, leading to analgesic effects (Liu et al., 2020); COX-2 (Cyclooxygenase-2), inhibited by eugenol, reducing inflammation (Ren et al., 2020); MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase), modulated by rosmarinic acid, influencing cell survival and inflammation; and GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) receptors, interacted with by linalool from lavender, promoting anxiolytic and sedative effects (Taylor et al., 2020). 5.2 Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics The pharmacokinetics of active ingredients from aromatic medicinal plants involve their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). Essential oils are typically absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, skin, or respiratory system. Once absorbed, these compounds are distributed throughout the body, often binding to plasma proteins. Metabolism primarily occurs in the liver, where enzymes such as cytochrome P450 oxidize, reduce, and conjugate these compounds to enhance their excretion (Xiong et al., 2019). Finally, the metabolites are excreted via urine, feces, or exhalation. The pharmacodynamics of these active ingredients are characterized by dose-response relationships, where the effect of the compound increases with its concentration up to a certain point. Understanding these relationships helps in determining the therapeutic windows, the range of doses that elicit therapeutic effects without causing significant adverse effects. For example, Understanding the relationship between dose and response allows for the calculation of the dose that produces 50% of the maximum effect (ED50), which is crucial for rational drug dosage adjustments. While the dose-response curve obtained from in vitro experiments can provide scientific evidence for the safety and efficacy of a drug, dosage adjustments in actual clinical practice need to take into account individual patient differences (Warren, 2019). Several factors influence the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of active compounds from aromatic medicinal plants, including delivery methods, chemical structure, and interactions with other compounds. Delivery methods such as oral, topical, and inhalation routes affect the absorption and bioavailability. The chemical structure, including lipophilicity and molecular size, influences distribution and membrane permeability. Additionally, interactions with other herbs or drugs can alter metabolism and efficacy. 5.3 Synergistic and antagonistic interactions Synergistic interactions occur when the combined effect of multiple compounds exceeds the sum of their individual effects. This is often seen in essential oils, where compounds like menthol and eucalyptus oil work together to enhance anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Synergism can enhance therapeutic efficacy, allowing for lower doses and reducing the risk of adverse effects. Antagonistic interactions occur when one compound reduces or negates the effect of another. For example, the sedative effects of linalool might be diminished if combined with a stimulant compound (Yunusoğlu, 2021). Additionally, eugenol in clove oil has been shown to enhance the efficacy of certain antibiotics against resistant bacterial strains, highlighting a beneficial synergistic effect. Understanding these interactions is crucial for developing effective and safe herbal formulations. 6 Clinical Applications and Therapeutic Potential 6.1 Current clinical uses Aromatic medicinal plants have been utilized for a variety of therapeutic applications due to their rich content of bioactive compounds. These plants are known for their antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, which have been harnessed in traditional and modern medicine (Vallejo et al., 2017;
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