Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 11-30 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 14 compounds that exhibit a range of biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties (Tasneem et al., 2019). The identification and extraction of active compounds from aromatic medicinal plants involve several techniques. Extraction methods, such as steam distillation, solvent extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction, are employed to isolate essential oils and other bioactive compounds from plant materials (Samarth et al., 2017). Chromatographic methods, such as gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), are commonly used to separate and identify individual components. Spectroscopic methods, including mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, provide detailed structural information about the compounds. Recent technological advances have significantly enhanced the identification of active compounds in aromatic medicinal plants. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) allows for the precise determination of molecular weights and structures of complex compounds. Advances in NMR spectroscopy provide more detailed and accurate structural elucidation. Additionally, the integration of chromatography and spectrometry, such as GC-MS and LC-MS, offers powerful tools for comprehensive analysis. Bioinformatics and cheminformatics tools further assist in the interpretation of complex data, leading to a better understanding of the phytochemical diversity and bioactivity. 3.2 Phytochemical composition The chemical composition of major aromatic medicinal plants varies significantly. For instance, oregano and rosemary are rich in polyphenolics, which contribute to their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties (Tasneem et al., 2019). Chinese mint (Mentha haplocalyx) contains menthol, menthone, and other monoterpenes. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is rich in eugenol, eugenyl acetate, and caryophyllene. The composition of these compounds can influence the pharmacological properties and efficacy of the plants. Sage and basil contain a high concentration of essential oils, which are responsible for their distinctive aromas and therapeutic effects (Tasneem et al., 2019). Comparative analysis of phytochemical profiles reveals that different aromatic plants possess unique combinations of bioactive compounds. For example, while oregano is rich in carvacrol and thymol, rosemary contains significant amounts of rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid (Tasneem et al., 2019). A comparative study of essential oils from different species of the genus Mentha can show variations in the levels of menthol, menthone, and other components, which may correlate with their therapeutic uses (Bektašević et al., 2021). Such comparative studies help in understanding the specific health benefits and applications of each plant. Environmental factors such as soil type, climate, and altitude significantly influence the phytochemical composition of aromatic medicinal plants. Variations in these factors can lead to differences in the concentration and efficacy of bioactive compounds (Tasneem et al., 2019). For instance, plants grown in different regions or under different climatic conditions may exhibit variations in essential oil yield and composition. Understanding these influences is crucial for optimizing the cultivation and harvesting of these plants to maximize their medicinal properties. 3.3 Bioavailability and metabolism The absorption and bioavailability of active compounds from aromatic medicinal plants are critical for their therapeutic efficacy. Bioavailability refers to the proportion of a compound that reaches the systemic circulation and is available for biological activity. Factors such as solubility, stability, and permeability influence the absorption of these compounds. Essential oils, for instance, are rapidly absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes, making them effective for topical and inhalation therapies (Čabarkapa et al., 2020). However, the bioavailability of polyphenolics can be limited due to their poor solubility and stability in the gastrointestinal tract (Tasneem et al., 2019). Once absorbed, the active compounds undergo various metabolic pathways and biotransformation processes in the body. These metabolic pathways involve processes such as oxidation,
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