Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr © 2024 HortHerb Publisher, registered at the publishing platform that is operated by Sophia Publishing Group, founded in British Columbia of Canada. All Rights Reserved.
Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr © 2024 HortHerb Publisher, registered at the publishing platform that is operated by Sophia Publishing Group, founded in British Columbia of Canada. All Rights Reserved. Publisher HortHerb Publisher Edited by Editorial Team of Medicinal Plant Research Email: edit@mpr.hortherbpublisher.com Website: http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr Address: 11388 Stevenston Hwy, PO Box 96016, Richmond, V7A 5J5, British Columbia Canada Medicinal Plant Research (ISSN 1927-6508) is an open access, peer reviewed journal published online by HortHerb Publisher. The journal publishes all the latest and outstanding research articles, letters and reviews in all aspects of medicinal plant research, including plant growth and development, plant biology, plant nutrition, medicinal properties, phytochemical constituents, fitoterapia, pharmacognosy, essential oils, ethno- pharmacology agronomic management, and phytomedicine, as well as chemistry, pharmacology and use of medicinal plants and their derivatives. HortHerb Publisher is an international Open Access publisher specializing in horticulture, herbal sciences, and tea-related research registered at the publishing platform that is operated by Sophia Publishing Group (SPG), founded in British Columbia of Canada. All the articles published in Medicinal Plant Research are Open Access, and are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. HortHerb Publisher uses CrossCheck service to identify academic plagiarism through the world’s leading plagiarism prevention tool, iParadigms, and to protect the original authors’ copyrights.
Medicinal Plant Research (online), 2024, Vol. 14, No.1 ISSN 1927-6508 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr © 2024 HortHerb Publisher, registered at the publishing platform that is operated by Sophia Publishing Group, founded in British Columbia of Canada. All Rights Reserved. Latest Content Analysis of the Response and Benefits of Medicinal Plant Chinese Skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis) to Ecological Environment under Different Planting Modes Chuchu Liu, Ruo Du Medicinal Plant Research, 2024, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1-10 Pharmacological Effects of Aromatic Medicinal Plants: Comprehensive Analysis of Active Ingredients and Mechanisms of Action Xiangjun Dong Medicinal Plant Research, 2024, Vol. 14, No. 1, 11-30 Genomic Analysis of Yam: Understanding Its Adaptive Evolution and Medicinal Properties Sufang An, Yongliang Yu, Zhengwei Tan, Chunming Li, Qing Yang, Hongqi Yang, Xiaoyu Su, Yao Sun, Huizhen Liang Medicinal Plant Research, 2024, Vol. 14, No. 1, 31-44 Active Essence of Chrysanthemum morifolium: Comprehensive Study of Chemical Characteristics and Bioactivity Rongrong Cai, Linfei Zhao, Maorong Suo Medicinal Plant Research, 2024, Vol. 14, No. 1, 45-56 Clinical Applications and Efficacy of Achyranthes bidentata in Bone and Joint Disorders Wei Dong, Yongliang Yu, Lanjie Xu, Hongqi Yang, Qing Yang, Huizhen Liang Medicinal Plant Research, 2024, Vol. 14, No. 1, 57-70
Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 1-10 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 1 Review and Progress Open Access Analysis of the Response and Benefits of Medicinal Plant Chinese Skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis) to Ecological Environment under Different Planting Modes Chuchu Liu , Ruo Du Chinese Medicine Research Center, Cuixi Academy of Biotechnology, Zhuji, 311800, Zhejiang, China Corresponding email: natashaccliu2023@gmail.com Medicinal Plant Research, 2024, Vol.14, No.1 doi: 10.5376/mpr.2024.14.0001 Received: 10 Dec., 2023 Accepted: 28 Dec., 2023 Published: 01 Jan., 2024 Copyright © 2024 Liu and Du, This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Liu C.C., and Du R., 2024, Analysis of the response and benefits of medicinal plant Chinese skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis) to ecological environment under different planting modes, Medicinal Plant Research, 14(1): 1-10 (doi: 10.5376/mpr.2024.14.0001) Abstract This study explores the response and benefits of the medicinal plant Scutellaria baicalensisto the ecological environment under different planting modes, aiming to gain a deeper understanding of its ecological characteristics and the impact of planting modes. This study analyzes the ecological characteristics of Scutellaria baicalensis, with a focus on its growth environment requirements. Further investigation into the impact of different planting modes on the ecological environment, including traditional cultivation, organic farming, and comparison between hydroponics and soil cultivation, is conducted. In arid regions, hydroponic cultivation demonstrates advantages, albeit with higher costs, while soil cultivation proves economically viable with broad adaptability. This study provides a detailed analysis of the benefits of Scutellaria baicalensis in the ecological environment, encompassing medicinal component content, soil improvement effects, and ecosystem services. Organic farming has a positive impact on increasing medicinal component content and improving soil quality. This study discusses continuous planting management and future prospects, emphasizing eco-friendly planting techniques and the practice of sustainable agriculture. Future research directions are proposed, including in-depth studies on the interaction between Scutellaria baicalensis and ecosystems, and exploration of new concepts and technologies for eco-friendly agriculture. This study offers a comprehensive overview of Scutellaria baicalensis cultivation, providing valuable insights for the sustainable development of agriculture and environmental conservation in the future. Keywords Chinese skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis); Planting modes; Ecological environment response; Benefit analysis; Sustainable agriculture 1 Introduction Chinese skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis), a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Scutellaria genus in the faily of Lamiaceae. It is found in regions such as Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shandong, Sichuan, and other northern provinces of China. The roots of Scutellaria baicalensis can be used as herbs, with the Chinese name of Huánɡqín, known as Baical skullcap root in English. It has a bitter taste and a cold nature, and has the effects of “qīnɡrè zàoshī, xièhuǒ jiědú, zhǐxuè, āntāi (it roughly means that: clearing heat and drying dampness, relieving fire toxicity, arresting bleeding, and promoting fetal safety)” (Zhao et al., 2019). As a traditional Chinese medicinal herb with a long history, Scutellaria baicalensis holds a significant position in the traditional theories of Chinese medicine, showcasing its valuable medicinal properties. With the development of modern medicine and an increasing focus on health, research and application of traditional herbal medicine have been more deeply explored. Scutellaria baicalensis, known as Huang-Qin in traditional Chinese medicine, not only has a long history in Chinese medicine but has also become a hot topic in the international medical community due to the research on its medicinal components. The active ingredients in Scutellaria baicalensis, especially baicalin, are believed to have anti-cancer, antiviral, and other beneficial effects. This has led to its frequent use in traditional Chinese medicine for treating conditions such as fever, colds, and hepatitis (Baradaran Rahimi et al., 2021). The acknowledgment of its medicinal value has also spurred increased
Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 1-10 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 2 attention to the ecological study of Scutellaria baicalensis, providing new directions and possibilities for contemporary medical research. However, with the widespread cultivation and harvesting of Scutellaria baicalensis, some issues have gradually emerged. Traditional planting modes of Scutellaria baicalensis often involve extensive use of pesticides and fertilizers, imposing a certain burden on the ecological environment (Li et al., 2022). Concerns from both the academic community and agricultural producers have arisen due to declining soil quality, excessive water resource utilization, and disruptions to ecological balance. The ecological characteristics of Scutellaria baicalensis, including its adaptability to soil and climate, as well as its impact on ecosystems, have become critical research directions (Sun et al., 2023). In this context, the choice of planting mode is not only related to the economic benefits of agriculture but also crucial for the sustainable development of the ecological environment. Therefore, comprehensive and in-depth research on the response of Scutellaria baicalensis to the ecological environment under different planting modes is imperative. This study aims to comprehensively understand the response of Scutellaria baicalensis to the ecological environment under different planting modes. It delves into the ecological characteristics of Scutellaria baicalensis and explores the impact of planting modes on its medicinal components. Through a systematic investigation and analysis of factors such as soil, water resource utilization, and ecosystem services during the cultivation of Scutellaria baicalensis, this study aims to reveal the ecological characteristics of Scutellaria baicalensis under different ecological conditions, providing a scientific basis for its more rational cultivation. By comparing the influence of different planting modes on the medicinal component content of Scutellaria baicalensis, practical guidance is offered to enhance its medicinal value. Additionally, the study analyzes the impact of Scutellaria baicalensis cultivation on soil structure and quality, providing insights and recommendations for achieving sustainable agricultural production. Through the achievement of these research objectives, we aim to provide scientific foundations for the cultivation and production of Scutellaria baicalensis, promote the sustainable development of the Scutellaria baicalensis industry, and minimize the negative impact on the ecological environment. This aligns with the current societal expectations for sustainable development, making a positive contribution to the industrial upgrade of traditional Chinese medicine and the construction of an ecological civilization. 2 Ecological Characteristics of Scutellaria baicalensis 2.1 Growth environment requirements of Scutellaria baicalensis 2.1.1 Soil adaptability Scutellaria baicalensis demonstrates strong adaptability to soil, primarily thriving in clayey and sandy soils. However, its adaptability to acidic and alkaline soils is relatively poor. Research indicates that Scutellaria baicalensis prefers neutral to slightly alkaline soils, aligning with its natural distribution in the wild (Li et al., 2022). Neutral soil conditions contribute to the normal growth and development of Scutellaria baicalensis roots, influencing the accumulation of its medicinal components. Nevertheless, further research is needed to delve into the regulation of soil acidity and alkalinity under different planting modes, as well as the impact on soil enzyme activity and microbial communities. In addition to pH levels, Scutellaria baicalensis also has specific requirements regarding soil texture. The growth rate of Scutellaria baicalensis is slower in sandy soil, while it exhibits better adaptability in clayey soil. This is related to the development of its root system, as clayey soil provides a more favorable environment for root anchorage and development, facilitating the absorption of water and nutrients by the plants. Therefore, under different planting modes, the proper regulation and management of soil will directly impact the growth and development of Scutellaria baicalensis, consequently influencing the outcomes of its ecological responses. 2.1.2 Climate conditions Scutellaria baicalensis exhibits a wide adaptability to climate, primarily thriving in warm conditions. Its optimal growth temperature typically falls within the range of 15 °C to 30 °C. Within this range, it demonstrates
Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 1-10 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 3 accelerated growth rates, allowing for a more robust accumulation of medicinal components. However, under colder climate conditions, the growth of Scutellaria baicalensis may encounter certain limitations, posing challenges to cultivation and production in specific regions (Xu et al., 2020). Climate factors have a direct impact on the ecological response of Scutellaria baicalensis. Against the backdrop of global climate change, long-term monitoring and research on the climate in regions where Scutellaria baicalensis is cultivated will contribute to a better understanding of its adaptability variations. This, in turn, will provide scientific foundations for future cultivation and management practices. Consequently, changes in climate conditions will become one of the focal points of attention. 2.2 Life cycle and reproductive characteristics of Scutellaria baicalensis 2.2.1 Seed germination of Scutellaria baicalensis Seed germination is a critical stage in the life cycle of Scutellaria baicalensis, and the environmental conditions during seed germination directly impact the growth and development of its seedlings (Li et al., 2019). Typically, the seeds of Scutellaria baicalensis require a certain level of moisture and suitable temperatures for successful germination. Therefore, the treatment and management of seeds under different planting modes will directly influence the germination rate and early-stage growth of Scutellaria baicalensis. The seed germination of Scutellaria baicalensis is also influenced by light conditions. Generally, its seeds require a certain amount of light for normal germination. Therefore, when selecting planting locations and planting density, careful consideration of lighting conditions will play a positive role in increasing the yield and medicinal component content of Scutellaria baicalensis. 2.2.2 Stem and leaf structure The stem and leaf structure of Scutellaria baicalensis is closely related to its response to the ecological environment. Stem and leaves are vital organs for photosynthesis in plants and serve as the primary site for the accumulation of medicinal components in Scutellaria baicalensis. The structure and function of stems and leaves may vary under different planting modes. For instance, in hydroponic cultivation, the growth rate and photosynthetic intensity of stems and leaves may be relatively higher, while in soil cultivation, constrained by soil quality and root development, the growth of stems and leaves may be comparatively slower (Atherton and Li, 2023). Studying the anatomical structure and physiological characteristics of stems and leaves will contribute to a deeper understanding of the adaptability of Scutellaria baicalensis to different ecological environments (Figure 1). By analyzing the stems and leaves, targeted adjustments and improvements can be made to the planting modes, thereby enhancing the ecological adaptability and yield of Scutellaria baicalensis. Figure 1Scutellaria baicalensis plant and structural analysis (Adopted from Zhou et al., 2023)
Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 1-10 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 4 3 Impact of Different Planting Modes on the Ecological Environment Response of Scutellaria baicalensis 3.1 Traditional cultivation mode 3.1.1 Advantages and disadvantages of traditional planting methods Traditional cultivation mode is a common method for cultivating Scutellaria baicalensis, and its advantages and disadvantages are reflected in the ecological environment response of Scutellaria baicalensis (Zou et al., 2016). The advantages of traditional planting methods lie in the simplicity and familiarity for farmers, making it easy to operate. Under this approach, Scutellaria baicalensis is typically planted in open fields, utilizing traditional irrigation and fertilization methods. The management under this mode is relatively convenient, and the initial investment is relatively small. However, the traditional cultivation mode also presents potential issues. For instance, there is a high reliance on pesticides and fertilizers, which may lead to soil pollution and ecosystem degradation. Moreover, the traditional planting methods may not optimize soil structure to the fullest extent, affecting the growth of Scutellaria baicalensis and the accumulation of its medicinal components. This has been one of the reasons prompting exploration into more sustainable planting modes in recent years. 3.1.2 Impact on soil structure and quality Under the traditional mode of farming, frequent cultivation of the soil and excessive use of chemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers may lead to a decline in soil quality and structural disorders. The residues of pesticides and the excessive use of fertilizers not only affect the diversity and activity of soil microorganisms but may also trigger soil erosion and water pollution. This is a significant concern, particularly for plants like Scutellaria baicalensis, which are sensitive to soil conditions. Changes in soil structure also directly influence water retention and aeration. This can potentially restrict the access of Scutellaria baicalensis to water and nutrients under traditional cultivation methods, thereby impacting its growth and the quality of medicinal components. Therefore, a more scientific approach to soil management is required for Scutellaria baicalensis cultivation under traditional farming practices, aiming to mitigate the declining trend in soil quality. 3.2 Organic farming mode 3.2.1 Adaptability of organic farming to Scutellaria baicalensis Organic farming, as an environmentally friendly agricultural model, has gradually gained attention. In the cultivation of Scutellaria baicalensis, the organic farming mode, compared to traditional methods, emphasizes the protection of the ecological environment and respect for natural ecosystems. Under the organic farming mode, Scutellaria baicalensis undergoes growth without the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers; instead, organic fertilizers and biological control methods are employed. This approach plays a positive role in alleviating soil burdens, enhancing soil biodiversity, and maintaining ecological balance (Yun et al., 2017). The principles and methods of organic farming align more closely with the operating laws of natural ecosystems, making it easier for Scutellaria baicalensis to establish a beneficial interaction with the ecological environment in this mode. 3.2.2 Positive effects of organic farming on the ecological environment Under the organic farming mode, the cultivation of Scutellaria baicalensis is often accompanied by more scientific soil management practices, such as proper crop rotation and the use of green manure. This helps to improve soil structure, enhance soil fertility, and reduce the risk of soil pollution. Organic farming also emphasizes the diversity of ecosystems. Under this mode, various plants may coexist in the fields, increasing the stability of the agricultural ecosystem. This provides a more natural environment for the growth and development of Scutellaria baicalensis, contributing to the maintenance of the richness of its medicinal components.
Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 1-10 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 5 3.3 Hydroponic and soil cultivation modes 3.3.1 Impact of hydroponic and soil cultivation on the growth of Scutellaria baicalensis Hydroponic and soil cultivation are two common modes in the cultivation of Scutellaria baicalensis, employing hydroponic systems and traditional soil cultivation systems, respectively. In the hydroponic system, the plant roots are exposed to water, and growth is achieved through nutrient supply in the water. This mode allows for precise control of nutrient content, favoring the enhancement of medicinal components. Scutellaria baicalensis exhibits faster growth and a more uniform plant structure in hydroponic systems (Geng et al., 2023). In contrast, in the soil cultivation system, plant roots are anchored in the soil, obtaining necessary nutrients for growth from the soil. This mode aligns more with the natural growth pattern of plants. However, compared to hydroponics, soil cultivation mode has a higher reliance on soil quality and structure, which play a crucial role in plant growth. 3.3.2 Comparison of water and soil cultivation in water resource utilization In comparison to soil cultivation, hydroponic cultivation is more water-efficient. In a hydroponic system, water is recycled, while in soil cultivation, water tends to be more susceptible to loss. This presents a certain advantage for the cultivation of Scutellaria baicalensis in arid regions. However, hydroponic cultivation also comes with some challenges, such as the need for additional equipment and energy input, resulting in relatively higher costs. On the other hand, soil cultivation is comparatively cost-effective and exhibits broader adaptability. When choosing between hydroponic and soil cultivation modes, it is essential to consider factors such as water availability, soil quality, and climatic conditions comprehensively. This ensures the optimal balance between ecological responsiveness and yield benefits. 4 Benefits of Scutellaria baicalensis in the Ecological Environment 4.1 Medicinal component content 4.1.1 Impact of different planting modes on medicinal components The medicinal value of Scutellaria baicalensis is primarily attributed to its flavonoid compounds, such as baicalin (10.11%), baicalein (5.41%), wogonoside (3.55%), wogonin (1.3%), and oroxylin A (Liao et al., 2021) (Figure 2). Different planting modes may influence the medicinal component content of Scutellaria baicalensis, thereby affecting its therapeutic effects. Figure 2 The chemical structures of flavonoid inScutellaria baicalensis (Adopted from Liao et al., 2021) Image caption: A: Baicalein, B: Wogonoside, C: Baicalin, D: Wogonin, E: Oroxylin A (Adopted from Liao et al., 2021) In hydroponic cultivation, precise control over nutrient supply may lead to a relatively higher content of baicalein in Scutellaria baicalensis, as suggested by research conducted in hydroponic systems (Grzelka et al., 2023). This
Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 1-10 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 6 could be attributed to the more accurate nutrient absorption by plants in hydroponic systems, facilitating the accumulation of medicinal components. In contrast, traditional cultivation methods may face issues related to soil quality degradation and residual fertilizer, potentially negatively impacting the medicinal component content of Scutellaria baicalensis. Therefore, when selecting planting modes, it is essential to comprehensively consider various factors that may influence the medicinal component content of Scutellaria baicalensis. 4.1.2 Impact of organic farming on medicinal component content Under the organic farming mode, due to the absence of chemical pesticides and synthetic fertilizers, the soil is more natural, and the ecosystem is more stable. This may provide a more suitable growth environment for Scutellaria baicalensis, thereby contributing to an increase in the content of medicinal components. The principles of organic farming are more in line with the natural growth of plants and are conducive to the accumulation of medicinal components. Some studies suggest that the content of medicinal components in Scutellaria baicalensis is relatively higher under organic farming practices (Jiang et al., 2022). This could be attributed to the eco-friendly management of soil and plants in organic agriculture, making it easier for plants to synthesize medicinal components. 4.2 Soil Improvement effects 4.2.1 Biological and physical soil improvement effects of Scutellaria baicalensis Scutellaria baicalensis has certain soil improvement effects, as the development of its root system and secretion during the growth process contribute to the enhancement of soil structure. Biologically, the root system of Scutellaria baicalensis can increase the organic matter content in the soil, thereby enhancing the diversity and activity of soil microorganisms. This is of significant importance for maintaining soil fertility and ecological balance (Do et al., 2021). On the physical aspect, the root system of Scutellaria baicalensis also improves soil aeration and water retention. The rooting of the root system helps to slow down water loss, enhancing the soil's water retention capacity. Additionally, root growth contributes to soil loosening, mitigating soil compaction and improving soil aeration. 4.2.2 Comparison of soil quality under different planting modes There may be variations in soil quality under different planting modes (He et al., 2023). In the organic farming mode, the ecologically friendly management of soil contributes to a relatively stable soil quality, better meeting the growth requirements of plants. In contrast, in traditional cultivation modes, soil may bear a heavier burden due to excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers. This can lead to a decline in soil quality, structural disorder, and subsequently affect the growth and yield of Scutellaria baicalensis. In the comparison between hydroponic and soil cultivation modes, the soil dependency is lower in hydroponic mode, making it more environmentally friendly. However, in some arid regions, soil cultivation mode may be more practical and feasible. 4.3 Ecosystem services 4.3.1 Contribution of Scutellaria baicalensis to ecosystem stability and services Scutellaria baicalensis, a plant with significant medicinal value, plays a crucial role in the ecosystem. Its robust growth capabilities and soil improvement effects make it an indispensable component of the ecosystem (Ji et al., 2021). The growth of Scutellaria baicalensis has a positive impact on the stability of the ecosystem. Its dense growth effectively enhances vegetation coverage, forming a stable plant community. This not only helps prevent soil erosion and slows down the rate of water and soil loss but also effectively maintains the integrity of soil structure.
Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 1-10 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 7 Additionally, Scutellaria baicalensis plays a crucial role in soil improvement. Its root system has strong permeability, contributing to improved soil aeration and water retention. By increasing the organic matter content in the soil, Scutellaria baicalensis further enhances soil water retention, reducing water loss and combating soil erosion under arid conditions. The contribution of these ecosystem services not only elevates the esteem of Scutellaria baicalensis in the field of medicine but also actively contributes to maintaining local ecological balance. By preserving soil stability and the sustainability of water sources, Scutellaria baicalensis provides crucial support to the surrounding ecosystem, aiding in slowing down the degradation of the ecological environment. 4.3.2 Maintenance of local ecological balance through Scutellaria baicalensis cultivation Whether the cultivation of Scutellaria baicalensis contributes to the maintenance of local ecological balance involves various factors. As a plant, Scutellaria baicalensis collaboratively builds vegetation within the ecosystem, contributing to the preservation of plant diversity. Additionally, the soil improvement effect during the growth process of Scutellaria baicalensis helps enhance soil fertility, providing a better growth environment for other plants. The growth of Scutellaria baicalensis may also attract natural predators, influencing the local ecological chain and increasing ecosystem stability (Wang et al., 2022). However, caution is needed, as excessive cultivation of Scutellaria baicalensis may exert competition pressure on local plant diversity, affecting the normal growth of other plants. Therefore, in Scutellaria baicalensis cultivation, it is essential to consider the local ecological environment and scientifically formulate cultivation plans to achieve optimal ecosystem service benefits. In conclusion, the benefits of Scutellaria baicalensis in the ecological environment are diverse. It not only promotes its own growth and yield but also has a positive impact on soil quality and the stability of the ecosystem. This provides a comprehensive scientific basis for the cultivation of Scutellaria baicalensis, aiming for sustainable development and environmentally friendly agricultural production. 5 Continuous Planting Management and Future Prospects Continuous planting management is crucial for achieving the sustainable development of Scutellaria baicalensis. By adopting eco-friendly planting techniques, practicing circular agriculture, and delving into new concepts and technologies related to the interaction with ecosystems, more scientific and viable management approaches can be provided for the cultivation of Scutellaria baicalensis. This will contribute to the coordinated promotion of economic, social, and ecological benefits, aligning with the expectations for sustainable development. 5.1 Sustainable management of Scutellaria baicalensis cultivation 5.1.1 Eco-friendly planting techniques and management methods To achieve sustainable cultivation of Scutellaria baicalensis, a series of eco-friendly planting techniques and management methods are essential. The promotion of organic farming is a key aspect, and it has demonstrated positive effects in Scutellaria baicalensis cultivation by reducing dependence on pesticides and fertilizers. This contributes to improving soil health and enhancing the ecological adaptability of plants (Yun et al., 2017). Introducing crop rotation and fallow systems helps improve soil structure, mitigate issues related to continuous cropping, and reduce the risk of soil-borne diseases. Such management practices not only contribute to maintaining the balance of the soil ecosystem but also enhance the yield and quality of Scutellaria baicalensis. Furthermore, efficient irrigation management is crucial for sustainable cultivation. Precision irrigation systems help control water use efficiency, reduce water wastage, and enhance the drought resistance and ecological adaptability of Scutellaria baicalensis. 5.1.2 Practices and prospects of sustainable agriculture Sustainable agriculture, emphasizing resource recycling and utilization, holds significant implications for the sustainable cultivation of Scutellaria baicalensis. In the sustainable cultivation of Scutellaria baicalensis, the
Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 1-10 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 8 application of composting agricultural residues and returning organic matter to the fields is employed in a circular agricultural approach, achieving the recycling of nutrients. This practice contributes to enhancing soil fertility, reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers, and promoting the overall health of the soil (Zhang and Wong, 2023). Furthermore, adopting a circular agricultural model with a field-fishpond system involves using aquaculture wastewater for irrigation. This approach not only addresses the issue of wastewater disposal but also provides essential nutrients for plant growth. Such a system has positive effects on water resource management and nutrient supply for Chinese Skullcap cultivation. 5.2 Future research directions Future research can delve more deeply into the interaction between Scutellaria baicalensis and its ecosystem. This includes exploring its relationships with other plants, soil microorganisms, insects, and more. Utilizing systematic ecological research methods can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the role and function of Scutellaria baicalensis in the ecosystem, offering more precise management strategies for its sustainable cultivation. For instance, in-depth investigations into the interaction mechanisms between Scutellaria baicalensis and soil microorganisms can optimize the structure of soil microbial communities, enhancing the ecosystem services of the soil (Do et al., 2021). Simultaneously, studying the competition and symbiotic relationships between Scutellaria baicalensis and other plants can aid in designing planting patterns that maintain vegetation diversity. Future research should also focus on new concepts and technologies in the development of eco-friendly agriculture to better address challenges posed by climate change and limited resources. New concepts involve applying ecosystem services theory to Scutellaria baicalensis cultivation, achieving a harmonious symbiosis between agriculture and natural ecosystems. Leveraging modern technologies such as big data and artificial intelligence can precisely monitor and manage the growth process of Scutellaria baicalensis, enhancing the benefits of ecosystem services (Xu et al., 2020). Regarding new technologies, exploring advanced cultivation techniques, such as gene editing, for improving stress resistance of Scutellaria baicalensis and yield is essential. Additionally, researching advanced agricultural equipment and smart irrigation systems can elevate the level and efficiency of agricultural production. In-depth exploration of these new concepts and technologies in the future can provide more insights and solutions for the sustainable cultivation of Scutellaria baicalensis and the development of eco-friendly agriculture. 6 Concluding Remarks Through a comprehensive analysis of the ecological responses and benefits of Scutellaria baicalensis under different planting modes, the following conclusions can be drawn. In the choice of planting modes, organic farming proves more favorable in increasing the medicinal component content of Scutellaria baicalensis compared to traditional cultivation methods. Additionally, it has a positive impact on soil quality and the ecosystem. The environmental principles and soil-friendly management practices of organic farming provide a more suitable growth environment for Scutellaria baicalensis, contributing to the maximization of ecosystem services. Hydroponic and soil cultivation modes each have their advantages and disadvantages. Hydroponic cultivation promotes faster growth and higher medicinal component content in Scutellaria baicalensis but requires more equipment and energy input. Soil cultivation, on the other hand, is more economical but relies heavily on soil quality and requires careful management. When selecting a planting mode, consideration of soil conditions, water resources, and economic costs is crucial to achieve maximum comprehensive benefits. In terms of continuous planting management, the introduction of organic and circular agriculture helps enhance soil fertility, reduce dependency on chemical fertilizers, and further optimize the ecosystem structure. Circular agriculture practices, through resource recycling and utilization, achieve nutrient cycling and promote sustainable agricultural development.
Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 1-10 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 9 The comprehensive study on the planting modes and management methods of Scutellaria baicalensis provides valuable insights for the future of agriculture and environmental protection. On one hand, eco-friendly agricultural models are becoming a trend in future agricultural development. The introduction of organic farming not only improves the quality of agricultural products but also reduces negative environmental impacts. By promoting organic and circular agricultural models, a harmonious interaction between agricultural production and natural ecosystems can be achieved, offering feasible solutions for agriculture and environmental conservation. Furthermore, the role of technological innovation in future agriculture should not be overlooked. The introduction of new technologies, such as gene editing and smart irrigation systems, can enhance agricultural productivity and reduce resource waste. Technology can also provide more precise monitoring and management tools for agriculture, achieving intelligent and sustainable development. In future research, a deeper exploration of the interaction mechanisms between plants and ecosystems is necessary. Through a thorough understanding of the ecological characteristics of plants, better planting management plans can be formulated, achieving both efficient agriculture and environmental protection. In summary, a comprehensive study on the planting modes and management methods of Scutellaria baicalensis can provide beneficial experiences and insights for the future of agriculture and environmental protection. While pursuing agricultural production efficiency, attention must also be given to the health of ecosystems, achieving a harmonious unity of economic, social, and ecological benefits. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Atherton H.R., and Li P., 2023, Hydroponic cltivation of medicinal plants—plant organs and hydroponic systems: techniques and trends, Horticulturae, 9(3): 349. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9030349 Baradaran Rahimi V., Askari V.R., and Hosseinzadeh H., 2021, Promising influences of Scutellaria baicalensisand its two active constituents, baicalin, and baicalein, against metabolic syndrome: A review. Phytotherapy Research, 35(7): 3558-3574. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7046 PMid:33590943 Do H.T.T., Nguyen T.H., Nghiem T.D., Nguyen H.T., Choi G.J., Ho C.T., and Le Dang Q., 2021, Phytochemical constituents and extracts of the roots of Scutellaria baicalensisexhibit in vitro and in vivo control efficacy against various phytopathogenic microorganisms. South African Journal of Botany, 142: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2021.05.034 Geng D., Jiang M., Dong H., et al., 2023, MeJA regulates the accumulation of baicalein and other 4’-hydroxyflavones during the hollowed root development in Scutellaria baicalensis, Frontiers in Plant Science, 13: 1067847. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1067847 PMid:36684750 PMCid:PMC9853287 Grzelka K., Matkowski A., and Ślusarczyk S., 2023, Electrostimulation improves plant growth and modulates the flavonoid profile in aeroponic culture of Scutellaria baicalensisGeorgi, Frontiers in Plant Science, 14: 1142624. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1142624 PMid:36938053 PMCid:PMC10014570 He P., Guo L., Liu Y., Meng F., and Peng C., 2023, Spatial dynamic simulation of important cash crops based on phenology with Scutellaria baicalensisGeorgi as an example, European Journal of Agronomy, 144: 126748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2023.126748 Ji B. Y., Liu M., Pei L.X., and Yang L.L., 2021, Ecologically suitable areas for growing Scutellaria baicalensis worldwide: an analysis based on GMPGIS, Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi= Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi= China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 46(17): 4389-4394. Li H.F., Zheng J.M., and Zhao X.M., 2022, Problems and measures of Scutellaria baicalensis planting in Weinan, Liaoning Nongye Kexue (Liaoning Agricultural Sciences), (4): 60-62. Li X., Hua Z., and Xu X., 2019, Effects of initiators on seed germination and seedling drought tolerance of Scutellaria baicalensisGeorigi, Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 48(8): 61-67.
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Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 11-30 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 11 Research Report Open Access Pharmacological Effects of Aromatic Medicinal Plants: Comprehensive Analysis of Active Ingredients and Mechanisms of Action Xiangjun Dong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China Corresponding email: dong-xiangjun@qq.com Medicinal Plant Research, 2024, Vol.14, No.1 doi: 10.5376/mpr.2024.14.0002 Received: 01 Jan., 2024 Accepted: 03 Feb., 2024 Published: 11 Feb., 2024 Copyright © 2024Dong, This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Dong X.J., 2024, Pharmacological effects of aromatic medicinal plants: comprehensive analysis of active ingredients and mechanisms of action, Medicinal Plant Research, 14(1): 11-30 (doi: 10.5376/mpr.2024.14.0002) Abstract This study aims to comprehensively evaluate the pharmacological effects of aromatic medicinal plants, synthesize current knowledge on their therapeutic potential, and identify directions for future research. The study identifies essential oils, alkaloids, and flavonoids as key active ingredients in aromatic medicinal plants, responsible for a range of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, and antioxidant effects. It was found that extracts from these plants exhibit strong antiproliferative effects against various types of cancer and have the ability to modulate critical biological pathways such as NF-κB and MAPK. Additionally, the study emphasizes the need for more detailed pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic research on these plants and underscores their potential as complementary or alternative treatments in modern medicine. Due to their diverse and potent active ingredients, aromatic medicinal plants hold significant potential for medical and therapeutic applications. Ongoing research and collaboration among scientists, healthcare providers, and policymakers are essential to fully harness the benefits of these natural resources. Combining traditional knowledge with modern scientific research can unlock new therapeutic potentials and contribute to more holistic and sustainable medical practices. Keywords Aromatic medicinal plants; Pharmacological effects; Active ingredients; Anti-inflammatory; Antimicrobial; Therapeutic potential 1 Introduction Aromatic medicinal plants, often referred to as herbs and spices, have been utilized since antiquity for their unique flavors and therapeutic properties. These plants are characterized by their ability to produce essential oils and other volatile compounds that contribute to their distinctive aromas and pharmacological activities. Common examples include Mentha haplocalyx, Nardostachys jatamansi, Syzygium aromaticum, Angelica dahurica, and many others, each with unique properties and applications (Fang et al., 2020; Dong et al., 2021). They are widely used in traditional medicine systems across various cultures for treating a range of ailments, from minor infections to chronic diseases (Kieliszek et al., 2020; Spréa et al., 2020). The essential oils extracted from these plants are employed in numerous industries, including cosmetics, food preservation, and pharmaceuticals, due to their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties (Fitsiou et al., 2019; Batiha et al., 2020). The historical and cultural significance of aromatic medicinal plants is profound, with many traditional medicine systems, such as Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine, and African ethnomedicine, relying heavily on these plants for their healing properties (El-Shemy et al., 2017; Kaurinović and Vaštag, 2019; Kaurinović et al., 2021). In modern times, there is a growing interest in pharmacological research to scientifically validate the therapeutic claims associated with these plants. Genomic studies play a crucial role in this context by identifying the specific bioactive compounds and elucidating their mechanisms of action. This not only helps in understanding the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of these compounds but also aids in the discovery of new drugs and therapeutic agents (Fierascu et al., 2021). The primary objective of this study is to comprehensively evaluate the pharmacological effects of aromatic medicinal plants, with a focus on their active ingredients and mechanisms of action. By identifying and
Medicinal Plant Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 11-30 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/mpr 12 categorizing the active compounds present in aromatic medicinal plants, we aim to analyze their pharmacological effects and therapeutic potential. Additionally, we will investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms through which these compounds exert their effects and assess the current clinical applications and future therapeutic prospects of these plants. By achieving these goals, we hope to bridge the gap between traditional knowledge and modern scientific research, providing a solid foundation for future studies and applications. This comprehensive evaluation will significantly enhance the scientific understanding of the pharmacological field and plant-based medicine, contributing to the development of new plant-based therapeutic agents. 2 Overview of Aromatic Medicinal Plants 2.1 Definition and characteristics Aromatic medicinal plants are defined as those plants that produce essential oils and other volatile compounds, which are responsible for their distinctive fragrances and therapeutic properties. These plants have been used for centuries in traditional medicine, food preservation, and as natural remedies due to their bioactive compounds (Samarth et al., 2017; Cappai et al., 2020). Aromatic medicinal plants are characterized by their ability to synthesize and store essential oils in specialized cells or glands. These essential oils are complex mixtures of volatile compounds, including terpenes, phenolics, and other secondary metabolites. The chemical properties of these compounds contribute to the plants' pharmacological activities, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects (Petrović et al., 2019; Batiha et al., 2020). The primary distinction between aromatic and non-aromatic medicinal plants lies in the presence of essential oils and volatile compounds. Aromatic plants are rich in these compounds, which are responsible for their scent and many of their therapeutic effects. In contrast, non-aromatic medicinal plants may possess therapeutic properties but lack the volatile components that characterize aromatic plants (Cappai et al., 2020; Šarčević-Todosijević et al., 2023). Non-aromatic plants often rely on other types of bioactive compounds, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and glycosides, for their medicinal effects. 2.2 Commonly used aromatic medicinal plants There is a wide variety of aromatic medicinal plants, with common ones including Chinese mint (Mentha haplocalyx), rose (Rosa rugosa), clove (Syzygium aromaticum), and angelica (Angelica dahurica), and other species (Table 1) (Samarth et al., 2017; Batiha et al., 2020; Cappai et al., 2020). These aromatic medicinal plants are distributed across various regions, including Asia, Africa, and the Mediterranean. They thrive in diverse habitats ranging from temperate to tropical climates, often found in regions with well-drained soils and adequate sunlight (Cappai et al., 2020). Aromatic medicinal plants have been integral to traditional medicine systems worldwide. For example, Mentha haplocalyx is used in Chinese medicine, Syzygium aromaticumin Indian Ayurveda, and Nardostachys jatamansi in Tibetan medicine. These plants are employed for their therapeutic properties, including treating digestive disorders, respiratory ailments, and inflammatory conditions (Samarth et al., 2017; Kieliszek et al., 2020). These plants not only hold a significant place in traditional medicine but also have widespread applications in modern pharmacological research. 2.3 Economic and agricultural importance Aromatic medicinal plants hold significant economic value in global markets due to their applications in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food, and beverage industries. The demand for natural and eco-friendly products has further boosted their market value (Samarth et al., 2017; Cappai et al., 2020). For instance, the global market for peppermint oil is substantial, driven by its demand in oral care products and therapeutic applications. Similarly, the market for clove oil is robust due to its use in dental care and aromatherapy (Zhao et al., 2022; Yadav et al., 2022). These plants also play a crucial role in agriculture and horticulture, often cultivated for their essential oils and bioactive compounds. They contribute to sustainable agricultural practices by promoting biodiversity and
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