Journal of Tea Science Research, 2025, Vol.15, No.1, 30-37 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/jtsr 33 Figure 2 Tea extract alleviated LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells by modulating macrophage polarization (Adopted from Wei et al., 2024) 4.3 Human intervention studies and clinical trial outcomes Direct evidence from human clinical trials is limited. Reviews and preclinical studies suggest that green tea and herbal tea dietary consumption can influence pro-inflammatory cytokine activity and reduce disease risk associated with inflammation, but large-scale, well-defined human intervention trials are needed to confirm these effects and establish clinical relevance (Mejia et al., 2013). 4.4 Strengths and limitations of current scientific evidence Research strengths now include reproducible in vitro and animal data for anti-inflammatory tea activities, identification of active compounds, and mechanisms. Weaknesses include the lack of stringent human clinical trials, heterogeneity of tea preparations and dosing, and lack of long-term safety data. More standardized and controlled human studies are required to advance from preclinical to clinical guidelines (Zhou et al., 2024). 5 Application Prospects of Tea’s Anti-inflammatory Properties: A Research Insight 5.1 Development of functional tea beverages and nutraceuticals Anti-inflammatory activity of tea has also resulted in the development of functional foods and beverages as well as nutraceuticals. Compositions that include green tea with other herbs, such as Acacia nilotica or mint, have been found to contain enhanced anti-inflammatory activity, which makes them suitable as potent functional drinks to ensure well-being and prevent illness (Preeja et al., 2021; Singh et al., 2023; Varshini et al., 2023). The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of various teas (e.g., red, blue, black) also warrant their applications in beverages for health promotion (Chen et al., 2017; Patel et al., 2023).
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