Journal of Tea Science Research, 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 262-272 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/jtsr 271 unnecessary nutrient consumption and undesirable growth. During garden clearing and sealing, low-toxicity and effective pest control measures should be adopted to maintain ecological balance and reduce pest-related damage to spring tea. Targeted management practices, such as soil and water conservation, drainage improvement, and adjustments in sloped, nutrient-poor, or high-water table plots, can significantly enhance tea tree resilience. These recommendations will help improve spring tea yield and quality, ensuring the market competitiveness of tea. While this study highlights the importance of autumn and winter management for spring tea yield and quality, further research is needed. Future studies could leverage precise meteorological data and soil monitoring technologies to quantify the relationship between autumn and winter management practices and spring tea yield and quality, providing data-driven insights for optimizing management techniques. Given that different tea varieties respond differently to autumn and winter practices, more detailed variety-specific management approaches will help achieve differentiated management among tea varieties. Moreover, as climate change intensifies, the impact of extreme weather on tea production is increasingly significant, and future research could explore more effective tea garden management strategies under climate change through simulation studies. Acknowledgments The authors express gratitude to the tea garden staff for providing management data and capturing images of the tea garden. Additionally, the authors sincerely thank the two anonymous peer reviewers for their thorough evaluation of the manuscript and valuable suggestions. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Reference Bruun E.W., Müller‐Stöver D., Pedersen B.N., Hansen L.V., and Petersen C.T., 2022, Ash and biochar amendment of coarse sandy soil for growing crops under drought conditions, Soil Use and Management, 38(2): 1280-1292. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12783 Cao G., 2002, Seasonal management of organic tea gardens in autumn and winter, Xiangzhen Jingji (Rural Economy), 18(6): 45-46. Cen Y., Guo L., Liu M., Gu X., Li C., and Jiang G., 2020, Using organic fertilizers to increase crop yield, economic growth, and soil quality in a temperate farmland, PeerJ, 8: e9668. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9668 Cernava T., Chen X., Krug L., Li H., Yang M., and Berg G., 2019, The tea leaf microbiome shows specific responses to chemical pesticides and biocontrol applications, Science of the Total Environment, 667: 33-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.319 Dai Z.Y., Huang H.L., Zhang Q.J., Bei J., Chen Z.J., Liu Q.J., Gao J.D., Zhang S., and Liu J., 2021, Comparative multi-omics of tender shoots from a novel evergrowing tea cultivar provide insight into the winter adaptation mechanism, Plant and Cell Physiology, 62(2): 366-377. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcaa167 Doley M., Phukon S.K., Borah K., Bora S.S., and Rahman S.W., 2020, Role of soil organic matter in maintaining sustainability of cropping systems, Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 9(1): 1050-1058. Duncan J.M., Saikia S.D., Gupta N., and Biggs E.M., 2016, Observing climate impacts on tea yield in Assam, India, Applied Geography, 77: 64-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2016.10.004 Herz A., Dingeldey E., and Englert C., 2021, More power with flower for the pupal parasitoid Trichopria drosophilae: a candidate for biological control of the spotted wing drosophila, Insects, 12(7): 628. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12070628 Hu Z., Zhao Q., Zhang X., Ning X., Liang H., and Cao W., 2023, Winter green manure decreases subsoil nitrate accumulation and increases N use efficiencies of maize production in North China Plain, Plants, 12(2): 311. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12020311 Jia X., Huang Y., Wang Y., and Sun D., 2019, Research on water and fertilizer irrigation system of tea plantation, International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 15(3): 1550147719840182. https://doi.org/10.1177/1550147719840182 Kayama M., Nimpila S., Hongthong S., Yoneda R., Himmapan W., and Noda I., 2020, Effect of bentonite on the early growth characteristics of teak seedlings planted in sandy soil in northeast Thailand-a pilot study, Forests, 12(1): 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12010026
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