International Journal of Horticulture, 2025, Vol.15, No.6, 279-289 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/ijh 280 Propagation is a critical component of successful dragon fruit farming. While the fruit can be propagated through seeds, stem cuttings, or grafting, stem cuttings are widely preferred in commercial production due to their ability to produce genetically uniform plants that establish and bear fruit faster—typically within 12 to 18 months (Kari et al., 2010; Khan et al., 2020). Seed propagation, although simple, leads to genetic variability and delayed fruiting, while grafting is labor-intensive and requires technical expertise (Andrade et al., 2005). However, propagation through stem cuttings is not without challenges. Many cultivars, particularly Hylocereus undatus, exhibit slow or poor root development without external rooting stimulants (Ali et al., 2022). To overcome these propagation constraints, the application of plant growth regulators (PGRs), especially auxins like Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), has proven effective (Bagheri et al., 2013). Auxins stimulate cell elongation and division, promoting early root initiation and improving rooting percentage in cuttings. Several studies have confirmed the significant role of IBA and NAA in enhancing root development, shoot emergence, and overall plant vigor in dragon fruit (Bajwa et al., 1997). However, high concentrations of auxins—sometimes exceeding 6,000 ppm—can have inhibitory or toxic effects (Bhatt et al., 2010). Therefore, determining optimal and location-specific dosages is crucial for maximizing benefits without damaging the cuttings (Blakesley et al., 1991). In Nepal, research has begun to focus on low-cost, eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic hormones. For instance, aloe vera gel has shown potential as a natural rooting agent due to its bioactive compounds that promote cell division and reduce microbial infections at the cutting site (Chhetri et al., 2021). Combining organic biostimulants with auxins may enhance rooting performance while maintaining environmental sustainability and affordability for smallholder farmers. Modern agricultural techniques, such as precision farming and controlled environment agriculture, offer additional opportunities for integrating growth hormone applications (Sujata et al., 2022). Precision farming allows for site-specific hormone delivery, minimizing waste and maximizing effectiveness. In vertical farming systems or greenhouse settings, regulated temperature, humidity, and light conditions can further improve rooting success and overall plant health when combined with hormonal treatments (Yadav et al., 2024). Despite these promising developments, several challenges continue to affect dragon fruit cultivation in Nepal (Yadav et al, 2011). Pests such as aphids, mites, and mealybugs, and fungal diseases like anthracnose and stem rot, pose significant threats to yield and plant health. Moreover, inconsistent water availability during dry seasons and poor soil fertility are common constraints (Yadav et al., 2024). Addressing these issues through integrated pest management (IPM), improved irrigation infrastructure, and soil nutrient management is essential for sustaining productivity. Government support, training programs, and agricultural extension services have begun to promote dragon fruit as a commercial crop (Uddin et al., 2020). Farmers are increasingly adopting improved propagation methods, post-harvest handling techniques, and market linkages to enhance profitability. With continued research and the integration of innovative practices, Nepal can strengthen its position as a competitive player in the regional dragon fruit market (Chhetri et al., 2021). Looking ahead, future efforts should prioritize refining hormone formulations to be cost-effective and environmentally safe. Investigating the genetic basis of hormone response in different dragon fruit cultivars can provide insights for breeding more adaptable and productive varieties. The synergistic use of growth regulators with natural biostimulants, coupled with sustainable farming practices, has the potential to transform dragon fruit cultivation into a high-yielding, eco-friendly, and economically rewarding enterprise for Nepalese farmers (Sujata et al., 2016; Yadav et al., 2024). This study is to evaluate the effects of different growth hormones on the propagation success and subsequent growth performance of dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.) cuttings. The findings are significant for Nepalese agriculture as they can improve propagation efficiency, support farmer adoption of dragon fruit as a high-value crop and enhance income generation through diversification and sustainable cultivation practices. 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Experimental site The experiment was conducted from March 2024 to June 2024 in a polyhouse of the Department of Horticulture, Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC), Tarahara, Sunsari, Nepal. The site lies at an altitude of about
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