International Journal of Horticulture, 2025, Vol.15, No.4, 185-194 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/ijh 191 Figure 2 Synthetic pathways of terpenoids (a), phenylpropane (b), and fatty acid derivatives (c) related to the formation of aroma components (Adopted from Lu et al., 2024) Image caption: AACT, acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase; HMGCS, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase; HMGCR, hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase; MVK, mevalonate kinase; PMK, phosphomevalonate kinase; MVD, mevalonate diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase; DXS, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase; DXR, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase; HDS, 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate synthase; HDR, 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate reductase; IDI, isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase; GPP, geranyl diphosphate synthase; GGPP, geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase; DMAPP, dimethylallyl diphosphate; IPP, isopentenyl diphosphate; AADC, aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase; PAL, phenylalaninammo-nialyase; EOMT, eugenol O-methyltransferase; PAR, phenylacetaldehyde reductase; 13-LOX, 13-lipoxygenase; 13-HPL, 13-hydroperoxidase lyase; ADH, ethanol dehydrogenase; AAT, alcohol acyltransferase (Adopted from Lu et al., 2024) Verifying the roles of these genes isn’t easy. Recreating the exact natural conditions where these aroma compounds are produced is tricky, making it hard to run controlled experiments that confirm how specific genes behave in real-time. Constructing a comprehensive genetic network that captures how all these genes interact and regulate each other. Events like paleopolyploidization and durian-specific gene duplication only make things more complicated, introducing redundancy and potential shifts in gene function (Ho and Bhat, 2015; Teh et al., 2017). And to map it all out accurately, researchers need cutting-edge bioinformatics tools and solid transcriptomic data-not just to build the models, but to interpret them in a meaningful way. 7.2 Multiomics and systems biology The research of durian aroma should not only stay on genes, but also be studied from the perspective of the whole biology. Integrate different kinds of "omics" data: genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and so on, each offering unique insights, but put them together to have a unified, coherent understanding of how aromas are formed. The real problem is that there’s too much data, and it’s all really different. Some are in different formats. Some come from different time points. And there are all kinds of different molecules. This makes it hard to put the data together. We can use some strong algorithms and computer tools to help (Lu et al., 2024), but if we want to find the key genes and pathways, we have to do this step. Systems biology simulates how individual substances work together to simulate how the pathways of terpenoids, phenylalanine, and fatty acids interact to form the aroma of durian (Lu et al., 2024). But building accurate predictive models of these interactions is difficult, with well-collated data and computational power, which is somewhat lacking in current durian studies.
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