International Journal of Horticulture, 2025, Vol.15, No.4, 171-184 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/ijh 174 different parent lines, can result in new varieties with enhanced characteristics (Figure 1). This approach leverages the genetic diversity within the species to produce varieties with higher yields, richer cannabinoid profiles, and stronger resistance to environmental stress. Figure 1 Breeding methods for the development of commercial F1 hybrid cultivars: two-way (A), three-way (B) and four-way (C) F1 hybrids with inbreeding progression in case of selfing and full-sibling crosses (D) and large-scale hybridization and F1 female-seed production (E) (Adopted from Barcaccia et al., 2020) Image caption: The figure provides a detailed explanation of the processes of selfing and full-sibling crosses, as well as large-scale hybridization and the production of F1 female seeds. Through these breeding strategies, the figure reveals the advantages of F1 hybrids, particularly in enhancing plant biomass, growth rate, and fertility through heterozygosity, confirming the key role of heterosis in Cannabis breeding. It also emphasizes the process of increasing parental line purity through multiple generations of selfing, which is crucial for maintaining consistency in the variety (Adapted from Barcaccia et al., 2020)
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