International Journal of Horticulture, 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 91-98 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/ijh 95 attributed to the hydroponic environment, where the root system has direct access to adequate water and oxygen, while the distribution of water and soil aeration in the soil environment is limited, further restricting root absorption capacity (Waiba et al., 2020). However, under sufficient light conditions, the advantages of hydroponics were even more pronounced. The rapid growth and abundant flowering of Group A further demonstrated the effectiveness of hydroponics in providing plants with a stable supply of water and nutrients. This significant difference highlights the greater flexibility and efficiency of hydroponics in controlling environmental conditions, making it particularly suitable for indoor environments or cultivation practices in resource-limited areas (Sakamoto and Suzuki, 2018; Thapa et al., 2024). In home gardening or commercial cultivation, providing adequate light and selecting an appropriate cultivation method, such as hydroponics, can significantly enhance the ornamental value and economic benefits of Narcissus tazetta subsp. chinensis. Particularly during winter, when natural light is insufficient, supplementing artificial lighting or utilizing efficient hydroponic systems can effectively overcome environmental limitations and improve cultivation efficiency (Bian and Pan, 2018; Rahimi Khonakdari et al., 2020). Treating Narcissus tazetta subsp. chinensis plants with plant growth regulators, such as salicylic acid and vitamin C, can significantly enhance photosynthetic efficiency, extend flowering duration, and improve bulb yield and quality (Amin et al., 2021). The significant differences in Narcissus tazetta subsp. chinensis growth under various cultivation conditions offer valuable guidance for horticultural design. For scenarios requiring rapid flowering or enhanced ornamental effects, hydroponics under adequate light is undoubtedly the optimal choice. In resource-limited settings or environments requiring long-term maintenance, greater attention should be given to light management and the selection of suitable cultivation substrates. Although this study revealed the significant impact of light conditions and cultivation methods on the growth performance of Narcissus tazetta subsp. chinensis, several limitations remain. The experiment was conducted in a non-specialized laboratory setting, relying on natural winter light, with temperature and humidity not precisely controlled. This reliance on external environmental conditions may have introduced variability into the data, thereby limiting the rigor and generalizability of the results. Additionally, the sample size was small, with only 2-3 Narcissus tazetta subsp. chinensis bulbs per group, which may not adequately reflect the growth trends under different conditions. Moreover, the experimental design lacked a comparison group for "soil-cultivated Narcissus tazetta subsp. chinensis under adequate light." This omission prevents a comprehensive evaluation of the relative advantages and disadvantages of hydroponics and soil cultivation under different light conditions. It is possible that soil cultivation under adequate light could achieve comparable growth performance to hydroponics, but this hypothesis remains untested. Future research should be conducted under more controlled environmental conditions and include a larger sample size and additional experimental variables. Such improvements would enable the collection of more comprehensive and accurate results, providing more reliable guidance for horticultural practices. 4 Materials and Methods 4.1 Experimental design and setup This study selects uniformly sized bulbs of Narcissus tazetta subsp. chinensis, cultivated by Binyao Family Farm in Putuo District, Zhoushan City, for a cultivation experiment. The experiment was conducted in a standard office environment within a non-specialized laboratory setting to simulate practical cultivation conditions on December 30, 2024. It was divided into three groups: Group A, Group B, and Group C, each consisting of 2-3 bulbs. To ensure fairness and consistency, all bulbs underwent standardized pretreatment prior to planting, including removing the dry outer skin and thoroughly cleaning them. Group A utilized hydroponics, with the bulbs placed in glass containers and positioned in an office environment with adequate natural light during the day and relatively low temperatures at night. The room temperature was maintained at approximately 20 °C during the day using air conditioning. Group B also utilized hydroponics but was placed in a low-light, cooler environment to simulate dim indoor conditions during winter. Group C
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