International Journal of Horticulture, 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 80-90 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/ijh 85 8 Challenges and Constraints in Achieving High Yield 8.1 Environmental and climate factors Environmental and climate factors play a crucial role in grapevine yield. Climate change, characterized by increased temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events, poses significant challenges to grape production. For instance, high temperatures can negatively affect fruit set and ripening, leading to reduced yields (González-Fernández et al., 2020). Additionally, drought conditions, which are becoming more frequent, can significantly reduce grapevine yield and quality (Kızıldeniz et al., 2017). Soil characteristics, such as Soil Available Water Capacity (SAWC) and soil pH, also influence yield variability across different regions (Figure 2) (Fernandez-Mena et al., 2023a; Fernandez-Mena et al., 2023b). The combination of these factors necessitates the development of adaptive strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on grapevine yield (Keller, 2010; Schultz, 2016). Figure 2 Soil and climate zones related to grapevine yield at the municipality level in Languedoc-Roussillon (Adopted from Fernandez-Mena et al., 2023a) 8.2 Economic and market constraints Economic and market constraints are equally critical in achieving high grapevine yields. The balance between grapevine productivity and economic viability is delicate, as both fruit yield and quality are essential for market success. Shifting consumer preferences and global competition require grape producers to continuously adapt their practices to meet market demands (Keller, 2010). Moreover, the economic impact of climate change on grape production is challenging to quantify, necessitating comprehensive risk analyses and scenario planning to ensure economic sustainability (Schultz, 2016). The cost of implementing adaptive strategies, such as irrigation systems and climate-resilient grape varieties, can also be a significant barrier for many producers (Naulleau et al., 2021). 8.3 Long-term sustainability considerations Long-term sustainability is a critical consideration in grapevine production. Sustainable practices must balance high yields with the preservation of environmental resources and the ability to withstand biotic and abiotic stresses. The transition to sustainable viticulture systems involves understanding the interactions between environmental variables, plant material, and farming practices (Fernandez-Mena et al., 2023a; Fernandez-Mena et al., 2023b). Additionally, the development of methodologies to evaluate adaptation strategies, considering both short-term and
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