International Journal of Horticulture, 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 80-90 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/ijh 83 Figure 1 Pruning and training techniques of grape planting base of Cixi Jiakai Food Co., Ltd 5.2 Light interception and photosynthetic efficiency Light interception is a critical factor in determining the photosynthetic efficiency of grapevines. The training system and canopy management practices significantly affect the light microclimate within the canopy. For example, divided canopy systems can optimize light distribution, thereby enhancing photosynthetic efficiency and improving fruit composition. Studies have shown that an optimal canopy density of about three leaf layers maximizes light interception while minimizing shading, which is essential for maintaining high photosynthetic rates. Moreover, leaning canopies to the west can increase morning light interception, improving water use efficiency and yield under Mediterranean conditions (Buesa et al., 2020). 5.3 Managing leaf area and shoot density Managing leaf area and shoot density is vital for balancing vine vigor and yield. Canopy management practices such as shoot thinning, leaf removal, and cluster thinning can modify canopy architecture and improve light penetration. For instance, shoot thinning combined with pre-anthesis defoliation has been shown to reduce leaf area and yield while increasing sugar concentrations in grapes (Silvestroni et al., 2016). Similarly, shoot thinning and leaf removal can decrease leaf area index and increase canopy porosity, positively affecting berry ripening and reducing the incidence of bunch rot (Wang et al., 2019). Controlling shoot density is also crucial for maintaining an optimal canopy microclimate, as high shoot densities can lead to excessive shading and reduced bud fruitfulness (Collins et al., 2020). 6 Pest and Disease Management for High Yield 6.1 Common pests and diseases in grapevines Grapevines are susceptible to a variety of pests and diseases that can significantly impact yield and quality. Key diseases include powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator), grey mould (Botrytis cinerea), downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), and trunk diseases such as Botryosphaeria dieback, Esca, and Eutypa dieback (Du et al., 2015; Hillis et al., 2016; Guilpart et al., 2017; Rashad et al., 2021). Common pests include the Japanese beetle and soil-dwelling orthopteran pests like weta (Hemiandrus sp.), which damage vine buds and reduce yield (Nboyine et al., 2018; Wodzicki et al., 2023). 6.2 Integrated pest management (IPM) Integrated Pest Management (IPM) combines biological, cultural, physical, and chemical tools to manage pests and diseases sustainably. Recent advancements in IPM for grapevines include the use of laser-guided intelligent sprayers, which have shown to reduce spray volume by 29% to 83% compared to conventional methods, resulting in significant chemical cost savings and effective control of fungal diseases and Japanese beetles (Wodzicki et al., 2023). Agroecological practices, such as using pea straw mulch and mussel shells, have also been effective in
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