International Journal of Horticulture, 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 61-72 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/ijh 65 4.2 Fertilizer requirements and application techniques Yellow pitaya has specific nutritional requirements that vary across different growth stages. During the vegetative stage, a balanced supply of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) is essential for promoting healthy cladode development. As the plant transitions to the flowering and fruiting stages, the demand for phosphorus and potassium increases to support flower formation and fruit set. Research indicates that applying 300 g of N per plant can significantly enhance yield and fruit quality in Selenicereus megalanthus (Fratoni et al., 2019; Alves et al., 2021). To maximize nutrient uptake, fertilizers should be applied in a manner that ensures even distribution and minimizes leaching. Split applications of fertilizers, where nutrients are provided in smaller doses at regular intervals, can improve nutrient availability and uptake efficiency. Foliar feeding, where nutrients are sprayed directly onto the leaves, can also be an effective method to quickly address nutrient deficiencies (Fratoni et al., 2019). 4.3 Integration of organic and inorganic fertilizers Organic fertilizers, such as compost and manure, offer several benefits for pitaya cultivation. They improve soil structure, enhance microbial activity, and provide a slow-release source of nutrients. The use of organic inputs has been shown to increase the fresh and dry weight of cladodes, indicating better overall plant health and productivity (Fratoni et al., 2019; Victor et al., 2021). Combining organic and inorganic fertilizers can provide a balanced nutrient supply, leveraging the immediate availability of inorganic nutrients and the long-term benefits of organic matter. This integrated approach can enhance soil fertility and plant growth. For instance, using a mix of organic compost and NPK fertilizers has been found to support optimal growth and yield in yellow pitaya (Vilaplana et al., 2018a; Fratoni et al., 2019). 5 Growth Regulation Techniques of Yellow Pitaya 5.1 Pruning and plant management Pruning is a crucial practice for maintaining the health and productivity of yellow pitaya plants. Different pruning methods significantly impact plant growth and yield. For example, vine pruning promotes more flowering and new branch growth, which is vital for future yield. In contrast, short-branch pruning aids plant rejuvenation but substantially reduces flowering and hinders robust vegetative growth (Arredondo et al., 2022). A combined pruning approach provides intermediate effects, while simple sanitary pruning is more effective during the early years of cultivation. Additionally, proper canopy management enhances photosynthetic efficiency by guiding branches to grow into a more open structure, optimizing light exposure. Maintaining an open canopy not only maximizes light interception but also improves air circulation, reducing the risk of fungal infections (Morillo-Coronado et al., 2022). Furthermore, minimizing branch overcrowding and improving ventilation can lower the incidence of pests and diseases (Vilaplana et al., 2018a). 5.2 Trellis construction and growth direction control Trellises and support structures are crucial for supporting the climbing nature of yellow pitaya plants. Various types of trellises, such as vertical poles, horizontal wires, and T-shaped structures, can be used. These structures help in managing the plant's growth direction and prevent the branches from breaking under the weight of the fruit (Morillo-Coronado et al., 2022). Vertical poles are the most common support structure, offering a simple and effective way to allow plants to climb (Setyowati et al., 2018). T-shaped structures enable branches to spread horizontally, promoting better light exposure and easier harvesting. Wire trellis systems provide a more comprehensive support framework, accommodating multiple branches and enhancing stability, especially in windy conditions (Soffiatti et al., 2022). The choice of support system can be adjusted based on specific cultivation conditions and spatial requirements.
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