International Journal of Horticulture, 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 61-72 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/ijh 62 diverse food products (Goenaga et al., 2020). Effective cultivation techniques, such as optimal nitrogen fertilization and hand pollination, have been shown to improve yield and fruit quality in yellow pitaya (Alves et al., 2021; Li et al., 2022). For instance, nitrogen fertilization has been found to increase yield, fruit quality, and cladode nutrient content in yellow pitaya (Selenicereus megalanthus), with the highest yield obtained at 300 g N per plant (Alves et al., 2021). Similarly, hand pollination has been identified as a necessary method to achieve high yields, as it ensures better fruit set and quality compared to spontaneous self-pollination or bee pollination (Dag and Mizrahi, 2005; Li et al., 2022). The study systematically explores the cultivation techniques and strategies of yellow pitaya (Selenicereus megalanthus) to enhance its yield and quality. It analyzes various aspects of yellow pitaya cultivation, such as nutrient optimization, irrigation management, and pest and disease control, while also evaluating the applicability of these techniques under different climatic conditions to provide adaptable and region-specific solutions for farmers. This study intends to offer valuable insights for yellow pitaya growers, researchers, and policymakers, contributing to efficient cultivation and promoting sustainable development of yellow pitaya production. 2 Biological Characteristics and Growth Requirements 2.1 Botanical characteristics of yellow pitaya (Selenicereus megalanthus) Yellow pitaya (Selenicereus megalanthus) is a climbing cactus renowned for its vibrant yellow peel. The plant features long, triangular stems with prominent ridges and spiny structures on the surface. These stems typically have three pronounced ridges, along which small clusters of spines are distributed, providing the plant with a degree of protective functionality (Sorace et al., 2016). Yellow pitaya exhibits strong branching, forming an extensive stem network that is well-suited for climbing or spreading along support structures. Its aerial roots assist in anchoring the plant to surfaces, thereby stabilizing it and promoting vertical growth (Morillo-Coronado et al., 2022). The flowers of yellow pitaya are large, highly fragrant, and typically bloom at night. They are white, trumpet-shaped, and can reach up to 30 cm in length. Classified as “ephemeral”, these flowers usually last for only one night. Yellow pitaya primarily relies on moths and bats for pollination. Although the plant is capable of self-pollination, cross-pollination significantly enhances fruit set and improves fruit quality (Paul et al., 2019; Rabelo et al., 2020). Upon successful pollination, the flowers develop into oval-shaped fruits with bright yellow scales covering the peel (Figure 1). The flesh is white, dotted with small black seeds, and is renowned for its sweet and refreshing flavor. The fruiting period varies depending on environmental conditions and cultivation practices. Research indicates that different cultivation systems can result in significant variations in fruit size and yield (Chu and Chang, 2020). 2.2 Environmental requirements for growth The yellow pitaya (S. megalanthus) is highly adaptable and capable of growing under a wide range of environmental conditions. However, optimal growth is achieved under specific conditions. Its photosynthesis mechanism, similar to most cacti, follows Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM), which minimizes water loss by opening stomata at night, making it well-suited to arid environments (Rabelo et al., 2020). For optimal growth, yellow pitaya requires ample sunlight, with studies showing that approximately 70% light transmittance is ideal. The species is photoperiod-sensitive, and the length of daylight influences its flowering and fruiting cycles. Under controlled light conditions, shade cultivation can improve certain growth parameters, such as the number of fruits per stem segment and stem segment length (Victor et al., 2021). Yellow pitaya thrives in warm tropical climates, with an optimal temperature range of 18 °C to 30 °C. It is sensitive to frost and prolonged cold, which can adversely affect its growth and fruit production. Humidity also plays a critical role in its development, with a suitable range of 60%-80%. While the plant has some drought tolerance, regular watering during vigorous growth and flowering periods significantly promotes growth. However, overwatering can lead to root rot, making well-drained soil and controlled irrigation essential
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