International Journal of Horticulture, 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 414-425 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/ijh 420 5.2 Cultivation environment and soil management Dragon fruit thrives in tropical and subtropical climates, with optimal growth occurring at temperatures between 20 °C and 30 °C. The plant requires a well-drained soil with a pH range of 5.5 to 7.0. High humidity levels and adequate sunlight are essential for optimal growth and fruit production (Goenaga et al., 2020; Trivellini et al., 2020). Soil management is critical for dragon fruit cultivation. The soil should be rich in organic matter and have good drainage to prevent waterlogging, which can lead to root rot. Regular soil testing and amendments, such as the addition of compost or well-rotted manure, can help maintain soil fertility and structure (Perween et al., 2018). 5.3 Water and fertilizer management strategies Effective water and fertilizer management are key to maximizing dragon fruit yield and quality. Dragon fruit plants require moderate irrigation, with the frequency depending on the soil type and climatic conditions. Over-irrigation should be avoided as it can lead to root diseases (Goenaga et al., 2020; Trivellini et al., 2020). A balanced fertilization plan is essential for healthy plant growth. The application of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in a balanced ratio is recommended. Nitrogen promotes vegetative growth, phosphorus supports root development and flowering, and potassium enhances fruit quality and disease resistance. Regular foliar feeding with micronutrients can also be beneficial (Perween et al., 2018; Goenaga et al., 2020). 5.4 Flowering management and artificial pollination Dragon fruit (pitaya) exhibits unique flowering characteristics that necessitate specific management practices to optimize fruit set rates. The flowering phase of dragon fruit is marked by nocturnal blooming, with flowers typically opening in the evening and remaining receptive for a limited period. Studies have shown that the stigma of pitaya flowers is most receptive to pollen during the early hours of the night, with the highest pollen germination rates observed around 7 p.m. (Li et al., 2020; Li et al., 2022b; Moreira et al., 2022). This narrow pollination window underscores the importance of timely pollination to ensure successful fruit set. Artificial pollination has been demonstrated to significantly enhance fruit set and quality compared to natural pollination. Manual cross-pollination, in particular, has been found to produce larger and higher-quality fruits than self-pollination or natural pollination (Hu et al., 2011; Moreira et al., 2022). The process involves transferring pollen from one flower to the stigma of another, which can be done using a brush or similar tool. This method not only increases the fruit set percentage but also improves the average fruit weight and commercial value of the produce (Hu et al., 2011; Li et al., 2020). Moreover, the synchronization of stigma receptivity and pollen activity is crucial for successful pollination. Research indicates that pollination within six hours after blooming yields the best results in terms of fruit setting percentage and fruit size. Pollen collected and used within this timeframe maintains higher viability, which is essential for effective fertilization. Storing pollen for more than 24 hours at low temperatures significantly reduces its germination rate and, consequently, the fruit set rate (Li et al., 2020; Li et al., 2022b). 5.5 Harvest and post-harvest management Determining the optimal maturity for harvesting dragon fruit is critical to ensure the best quality and shelf life. The maturity of dragon fruit can be assessed by several indicators, including skin color, fruit size, and the development of scales on the fruit surface. Typically, dragon fruit is harvested when the skin color changes from green to a vibrant red or yellow, depending on the variety. Harvesting techniques also play a vital role in maintaining fruit quality. It is recommended to use clean, sharp tools to cut the fruit from the plant, leaving a small portion of the stem attached to prevent damage and reduce the risk of post-harvest diseases (Goenaga et al., 2020; Trivellini et al., 2020). Handling the fruit with care during harvesting and transportation is essential to minimize bruising and mechanical injuries, which can lead to spoilage. Post-harvest management practices are crucial for extending the shelf life of dragon fruit. One of the primary challenges is the control of post-harvest diseases, which can cause significant economic losses. Common pathogens include fungi such as Penicillium spinulosum, Phoma herbarum, and Fusarium proliferatum, which
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