International Journal of Horticulture, 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 394-404 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/ijh 402 was a positive association between the adoption level of improved horticultural cultivation practices with extension agents (Kadian, 1999). Table 13 Distribution of respondents based on contact with extension agents and adoption level on improved ginger production technology (N=80) Adoption level Distribution of respondents Total Chi-square value Pvalue Not in contact with an extension agent In contact with the extension agent Low adopter 16 (11.4) 32 (36.6) 48 (48.0) 6.086** 0.014 at df 1 High adopter 4 (7.6) 28 (24.4) 32 (32.0) Total 20 (20.0) 60 (60.0) 80 (80.0) Note: The figure in parenthesis indicates the expected frequency, and ** denotes significance at a 5% level of significance (Source: Field Survey, 2021) 3.8 t-test of ginger technology adoption, income, and yield Table 14 showed that the average total production of low adopters and high adopters was 404.583 kg and 583.281 kg respectively. The average annual production of respondents was found to be statistically significant at a 1% level of significance and significantly higher for high adopters. The average annual income of low adopters and high adopters was Rs 12259.483 and Rs 18200.569 respectively. The average total income of respondents was found to be statistically significant at a 1% level of significance and significantly higher for high adopters of improved ginger production technology. Table 14 Independent t-test of adoption level on improved ginger production technology with total income and production of ginger (N=80) Variable Low adopters High adopters Mean difference Standard error difference t-value P-value Total Production (InKg) 404.583 583.281 178.69792 44.24832 4.039*** 0.013 at df 78 Total income (In Rupees) 12259.483 18200.569 12474.895 3402.03097 3.667*** 0.014 at df 78 Note: *** denotes significance at a 1% level of significance (Source: Field survey 2021) 3.9 Major constraints for adoption of improved ginger production technology Different problems were faced by farmers during ginger production. These problems were associated with the adoption of improved ginger production technology. Five-point scaling technique (1, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, and 0.2) was used for ranking the problem. Table 15 shows that lack of irrigation has the highest index value of 0.904 and the problem of postharvest loss has the lowest index value of 0.441. The relative severity of the problems followed the sequence of lack of irrigation, high cost of inputs, incidence of disease, lack of training facilities, and postharvest loss. Table 15 Major constraints for adoption of improved ginger production technology Constraints Index Rank Lack of irrigation 0.904 I High cost of inputs 0.75 II Incidence of diseases 0.583 III Lack of training facilities 0.496 IV Postharvest loss 0.441 V Source: Field Survey, 2021
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