International Journal of Horticulture, 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 394-404 http://hortherbpublisher.com/index.php/ijh 397 The training was provided by DADO, NGO, INGO, and other organizations related to ginger production technology. An arbitrary value was assigned for measurement. 0 for training not received and 1 for training received. Extension contact was classified into two groups i.e., not in contact and contact. An arbitrary value was assigned for measurement. 0 for not in contact, and 1 for in contact. 2.8 Level of adoption of improved ginger production technology Respondents were categorized into high and low adopters based on the adoption index determined for individual farmers from the data on the extent of adoption of improved ginger production technology. The adoption index was determined from the adoption score which was computed by the sum of scores for adoption of fourteen different practices of ginger cultivation. Respondents were grouped into two categories i.e., low adopters (less than average) and high adopters (average or more than average) based on the adoption index obtained by them. The adoption index of the respondent was measured by an index developed by Karthikeyan in 1994 (Zanu et al., 2012). AI=Total adoption score obtained by an individual respondent Maximum score one can obtain Arbitrary value was assigned for measurement i.e., 0 for low adopters and 1 for high adopters. 2.9 Chi-square test or test of independence To study the association between two variables i.e., dependent and independent, a chi-square test was applied. χ2=∑ (�푖 −�푖 )2 �푖 Where, χ2= Chi-square; Oij = observed frequency of each ij th term; Eij= expected frequency of ij th term; i= 1, 2, 3; j=1, 2, 3 This was tested at 0.05 and 0.01 levels of significance for different degrees of freedom. Independent samples t-test was applied to compare the means of two independent groups to determine whether there is statistical evidence that the associated population means are significantly different. 2.10 Major constraints in the adoption of improved ginger production technology Major constraints were identified by field survey and focus group discussion. The indexing method was used to rank the problems faced by the farmers in the study area. The index was computed by using the following formula: Index (I) =∑Sifi/N Where, I=priority index; N= total number of observations; Si = Scale value at i th priority; Fi = Frequency of i th priority 3 Results and Analysis 3.1 Socioeconomic characteristics of respondents The findings revealed that the majority of respondents were male (56.3%). In terms of age distribution, 67.4% of respondents were between 40 and 60 years of age, with a mean age of 50.32 years and a standard deviation of 9.84 years. The majority of the respondents were Brahmin (58.8%), followed by Janajati/Adibasi (37.5%), Chhetri (8.8%), and Dalit (7.5%). In terms of education, 47.5% of respondents were literate, 27.5% were illiterate, and 25.0% had completed secondary education (SLC) or higher. Family size includes the majority (61.3%) having medium-sized families and an average family size of 6 members. The primary source of household income for most respondents (82.5%) was agriculture, followed by employment in the service sector (11.3%), remittances (3.8%), and business activities (2.5%). These socio-demographic factors provide a comprehensive overview of the
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